Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com
Between ___% and ___% of a body weight is water.
In the average man, water makes up ___% of weight (about 40 L); in the average woman, water makes up about ___%.
An infant is composed of even more water—up to ___%.
Because adipose tissue contains less water than muscle tissue, ___ persons have less water than thin persons.
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50, 70
60, 50
75
obese
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Water and its dissolved electrolytes are distributed into two major compartments: an ___ compartment and an ___ compartment.
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intracellular
extracellular
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Which compartment includes the water located in all the cells of the body?
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Intracellular
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Most water, about ___%, is located in the intracellular compartment.
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63
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The extracellular compartment includes the fluid located outside all the cells and represents about ___% of the total body water.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 477)
37
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Which compartment includes the water located between cells, called interstitial fluid, water within blood vessels (plasma), and water within lymphatic vessels (lymph)?
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Extracellular
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Water within the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is also called ___ fluid.
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intravascular
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Which fluid is extracellular fluid and includes cerebrospinal fluid, the aqueous and vitreous humors in the eyes, the synovial fluids of joints, the serous fluids in body cavities, and the glandular secretions?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 477)
Transcellular
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___ ___ and ___ are the largest extracellular compartments.
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Interstitial fluid
plasma
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Intracellular and extracellular fluids vary in concentration of various ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
electrolytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Extracellular fluids contain high concentrations of ___ (___), ___ (___), and ___ (___) ions.
The plasma portion contains more ___ than do other extracellular fluids.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl −), bicarbonate (HCO3 −)
protein
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Intracellular fluid contains high concentrations of ___ (___), ___ (___), and ___ (___) ions.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
potassium (K+), phosphate (PO4 3−), magnesium (Mg2+)
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The ___ of an ion is indicated when it appears in brackets; thus, [H+] means the ___ of the hydrogen ion.
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concentration x 2
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Smaller ___ of other ions are present in both intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Although distributed across the fluid compartments, water and electrolytes can move from one compartment to another.
The movement of fluid and electrolytes between compartments is well regulated.
However, many clinical conditions are associated with shifts of water and electrolytes between compartments.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
concentrations
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Normally, the quantity of water taken in, which is ___, equals the amount of water eliminated from the body, which is ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
intake
output
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Water ___ exists when intake equals output.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
balance
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Although water intake can vary considerably, the average adult takes in about ___ mL every day.
About ___% comes from drinking liquids, an additional ___% comes from water in foods, and ___% comes from the breakdown of foods.
This latter portion is called the water of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
2500
60
30
10
metabolism
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What is the primary regulator of water intake?
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Thirst
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The thirst center is in the ___ of the brain.
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hypothalamus
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As the body loses water, the thirst center in the ___ is stimulated, thus causing a person to drink.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
hypothalamus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
What restores the water content of the body, so both thirst and the hypothalamus are satisfied?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Drinking
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Older adults have a diminished thirst mechanism and are therefore prone to ___.
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dehydration
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In a healthy person, 24-hour intake and output are approximately equal; the individual who takes in 2500 mL of water should therefore eliminate ___ mL.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
2500
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Water can leave the body through several routes: ___, ___, ___, and ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
kidneys
skin
lungs
digestive tract
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The kidneys eliminate about ___% of the water as urine.
About ___% is lost from the skin and lungs; ___% is eliminated in the feces, and another ___% is lost as sweat.
The amount lost by ___ can vary considerably, depending on the level of exercise and environmental temperatures.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
60
28
6
6
sweat
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Water loss through the skin and lungs (decreases/increases) in a hot, dry environment.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
increases
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
What are the primary regulators of water output?
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Kidneys
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Water regulation occurs mainly through the action of ___ ___ (___) on the collecting duct.
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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What does the posterior pituitary gland release when body water content is low?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
What stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water, thereby decreasing water in the urine and increasing blood volume?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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When body water content is high, the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (decreases/increases).
As a result, less water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct, and the excess water is eliminated in the urine.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 478)
decreases
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Water Balance
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 479)
Fluid may shift as part of a normal homeostatic mechanism as in the prevention of ___ due to dehydration.
Fluid may also shift in response to various diseases and disorders.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
hypovolemia
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Fluid shifts because of a change in the “pushing and pulling” forces affecting the capillaries.
The forces include the ___ ___ pressure, ___ ___ pressure, effect of ___ ___, and effects of ___ ___ that becomes trapped in the tissue space.
Alteration of any of these factors affects water movement.
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capillary filtration
plasma oncotic
lymphatic drainage
plasma protein
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What is the clinical term that refers to the distribution of body water?
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Fluid Spacing
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Which spacing refers to the normal distribution of water?
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First
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___ spacing refers to the accumulation of water in the interstitial spaces (as in pedal edema).
Generally, with adequate treatment, this water can be reabsorbed and excreted.
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Second
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Which spacing refers to the accumulation of water in spaces from which it is not easily absorbed?
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Third
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Which spacing includes the water that accumulates in the abdominal cavity as ascites that is not easily reabsorbed?
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Third
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Excess water that accumulates within the digestive tract as a result of a paralytic ileus is unavailable for easy reabsorption.
The amount of water in “___ ___” can be large and life threatening.
Monitoring of water distribution is a common clinical concern.
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third spaces
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The daily measurement of body weight provides a reliable estimate of fluid ___.
For example, if a person with heart failure suddenly gains 4.4 lb, fluid ___ should be suspected.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
balance
retention
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One liter of water weighs 2.2 lb (1 kg).
If a person has a sudden weight gain of 4.4 lb, it is assumed that person has retained ___ L of fluid.
Another example is when a patient is given a diuretic and loses 2.2 lb overnight.
It is assumed that the patient excreted ___ L of fluid.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
2
1
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Electrolyte ___ exists when the amounts of the various electrolytes gained by the body equal the amounts lost.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
balance
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
Electrolyte imbalances are (uncommon/common), serious clinical challenges.
Electrolytes are important components of the body fluids.
The ___ control the composition of body fluids by regulating the renal excretion of electrolytes.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
common
kidneys
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An ___ is an element or compound that carries an electrical charge.
Common ___ are Na+, Cl − , K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+.
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ion
ions
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A ___ is a positively charged ion, such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+
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Cation
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An ___ is a negatively charged ion, such as Cl − and HCO3 − (bicarbonate).
Most ___ (such as albumin) carry a negative charge.
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Anion
proteins
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What are the substances that form ions when they dissolve in water, such as NaCl (salt)?
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Electrolyte
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What refers to the chemical reaction caused when an electrolyte splits into two ions?
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Ionization
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___ (___) is the chief extracellular cation, accounting for almost ___% of the positively charged ions in the extracellular fluid.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
Sodium (Na+)
90
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Sodium plays a key role in the regulation of water balance.
The primary mechanism regulating sodium concentration is ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
aldosterone
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What stimulates the distal tubule and upper collecting duct of the nephron unit to reabsorb sodium?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
Aldosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 480)
Usually, “when ___ (___) moves, water moves”; this means that aldosterone causes the reabsorption of both ___ (___) and water.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 480, 481)
sodium (Na+) x 2
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What is the chief intracellular cation?
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Potassium (K+)
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What is the primary hormone regulating potassium (K+) concentration?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
Aldosterone
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What stimulates the distal tubule and upper collecting duct of the nephron unit to excrete potassium (K+) into the urine?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
Aldosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
What are the primary organs responsible for the excretion of excess potassium (K+)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
Kidneys
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
The monitoring of serum ___ (___) levels is an important clinical responsibility.
Whereas only 2% of the ___ (___) is located in the extracellular space, ___ (___) is important for normal muscle function, especially cardiac function.
Changes in plasma levels of ___ (___) cause serious cardiac dysrhythmias.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
potassium (K+)
potassium (K+) x 2
potassium (K+)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 481)
What is necessary for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
Calcium
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Of the body’s calcium, ___% is in the bones and teeth.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
99
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___ ___ is the primary regulator of plasma levels of calcium.
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Parathyroid hormone
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Next to potassium (K+), ___ (___) is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid.
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magnesium (Mg2+)
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What is important in the function of the heart, muscles, and nerves?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
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Kidney disease is the major cause of ___.
Other causes include overuse of magnesium-containing antacids.
___ is often seen in critically ill persons.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
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___ (___) is the chief extracellular anion, and it usually follows sodium (Na +).
That is, when sodium (Na +) is actively pumped from the tubules into the peritubular capillaries, ___ (___) follows the sodium passively.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
Chloride (Cl −)
chloride (Cl −)
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Changes in the plasma levels of chloride (Cl −) affect acid–base balance through its effect on ___ (___).
For example, when the plasma chloride (Cl −) level decreases (___), the plasma ___ (___) level increases and causes alkalosis.
___, on the other hand, causes a decrease in the plasma ___ (___) level and a state of acidosis.
Like sodium, chloride (Cl −) is greatly affected by diuretic therapy.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
bicarbonate (HCO3 −)
hypochloremia, bicarbonate (HCO3 −)
Hyperchloremia, bicarbonate (HCO3 −)
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The plasma contains other ions, such as sulfate (SO4 2− ) and ___ (___)
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sulfate
phosphate (PO4 3−)
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 482)
