Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com
Throughout the day, you are busy doing various things.
You walk across a room, run up the stairs, write, tie your shoes, and chew your food.
You perform all these activities voluntarily and consciously.
Your body, however, performs many more activities ___.
For example, when you eat, you don’t think, “I am eating. Therefore, I should increase the flow of my digestive enzymes and then increase the rate of contraction of my intestinal muscles to enhance the digestive process.”
Instead, your body ___ makes these decisions and carries them out for you.
This automatic response is the function of the ___ ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
automatically
automatically
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
Mention the word reflex and what comes to mind is the knee-jerk reflex.
Tap the patellar ligament and up pops the leg.
The knee-jerk reflex is mediated by ___ nerves.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
somatic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
There are also ___ reflexes.
These reflexes are mediated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
visceral
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
As the name implies, visceral reflexes regulate ___ function.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
organ
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
___ reflexes control things such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, digestion, airflow through respiratory passages, elimination, and pupillary (eye) responses.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
Visceral
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 221)
A ___ reflex is mediated in a manner similar to the knee-jerk reflex: activation of a receptor, transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS), the processing of the information by the central nervous system (CNS), and the motor response sent to the effector organ(s).
For example, a sudden decrease in blood pressure activates pressure receptors (___).
The information about the low blood pressure is carried to the ___ ___ in the brain stem by sensory nerves.
The ___ ___ determines that the blood pressure is low and sends motor signals to the ___ effector organs (heart and blood vessels).
The motor response results in changes in the heart and blood vessels that elevate blood pressure.
A sudden decrease in blood pressure stimulates a ___ reflex that restores blood pressure to normal.
All this has been accomplished without conscious input.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 221, 222)
visceral
baroreceptors
medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
visceral
visceral
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 221, 222)
The ___ ___ ___ (___) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies motor activity to the ___ organs: glands, smooth muscles within organs and tubes, and the heart.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
effector
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are the ___ and ___ nervous systems.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
sympathetic
parasympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
The distribution of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the viscera varies.
A single organ most often receives fibers from both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); this is called ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
dual innervation
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
Because of ___ ___, the effects of autonomic stimulation are either antagonistic or cooperative.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
dual innervation
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
In most instances, stimulation of one division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) causes a specific effect, whereas stimulation by the other division causes an ___ or opposing effect.
For example, the cells of the heart that determine heart rate receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
Stimulation of the ___ fibers increases heart rate, whereas stimulation of the ___ fibers decreases heart rate.
There are exceptions to this arrangement.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
antagonistic
sympathetic, parasympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
In a few organs that receive ___ ___, the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity are cooperative rather than antagonistic.
For example, in the male, erectile activity is regulated by the ___, whereas ejaculation is regulated by the ___.
The sympathetics and parasympathetics work in a cooperative way to achieve the desired effect: penetration of the female and ejection of the sperm.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
dual innervation
parasympathetics
sympathetics
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
Not all organs have dual innervation.
For example, the blood vessels are innervated only by the ___ nervous system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
sympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
Regulation of blood vessel diameter is achieved through an adjustment of ___ activity.
Increased ___ activity causes constriction of the blood vessels, and decreased ___ activity causes the blood vessels to dilate.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
sympathetic
sympathetic x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 222)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
In general, the ___ nervous system is activated during periods of stress or times when a person feels threatened in some way.
For this reason, the ___ nervous system is called the ___-or-___ division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
sympathetic
sympathetic, fight-or-flight
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
The ___ nervous system causes you to be prepared either to confront (___) or to remove yourself from the threatening situation (___).
Recall a time when you were frightened.
Your heart raced and pounded in your chest.
The pupils of your eyes opened wide.
You breathed more quickly and more deeply.
The palms of your hands became wet with perspiration, and your mouth became so dry you could hardly speak.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
sympathetic
fight
flight
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
The easiest way to remember the ___ responses is to recall your personal response to your own worst nightmare.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
sympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
Although the sympathetic nervous system is activated during periods of ___, these periods are normally (short/long)-lived.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
stress
short
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
If you keep yourself ___ out, the sympathetic nervous system keeps the body in a state of high alert.
Over time, this state takes its toll on the body through ___-induced illnesses.
Laughter, play, rest, and relaxation diminish sympathetic outflow and are good buffers against ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
stressed
stress
stress
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
The ___ nervous system is most active during quiet, nonstressful conditions.
It has a calming effect on the body.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
parasympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
The parasympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of ___ and in ___ function.
For this reason, it is sometimes referred to as the ___-and-___ division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
digestion
reproductive
feed-and-breed
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
Another descriptive term for the ___ nervous system is resting and digesting.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
parasympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 223)
Paradoxical fear: although the sympathetics are usually associated with fear reactions, the parasympathetics can be activated in situations that are perceived as hopeless and where fight or flight seems futile.
The massive parasympathetic discharge can result in uncontrolled ___ and ___.
It can also cause the heart rate to decrease so severely that the person faints or experiences a potentially lethal electrical disturbance of the heart.
Clinically, this type of cardiac stress reaction is described as “___ ___,” a reference to severe bradycardia (dangerously slow heart rate).
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 223, 224)
urination, defecation
bradying down
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 223, 224)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
Many drugs work by altering autonomic activity.
Thus, many ___ terms refer to the autonomic nervous system.
In fact, you cannot understand ___ without knowing autonomic nervous system (ANS) terminology.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
pharmacology
pharmacology
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
If a drug causes effects similar to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, it is called a ___ (as in mimicking) drug.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
sympathomimetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
A ___ agent increases heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
sympathomimetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
If the drug causes effects that are similar to a situation where the sympathetic nervous system cannot be activated, the drug is called a ___ drug (-___ means “inhibiting”).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
sympatholytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
The administration of a ___ drug prevents an increase in cardiac activity when the sympathetic nerves are fired.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
sympatholytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
If a drug causes effects similar to the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, it is called a ___ drug.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
parasympathomimetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
A ___ agent decreases heart rate and increases digestive activity.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
parasympathomimetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
The administration of a ___ agent prevents activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
parasympatholytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
Most parasympathetic fibers travel with the ___ nerve (CN ___).
If a drug causes effects similar to parasympathetic activity, it is also called ___.
If a drug slows parasympathetic activity, it is called ___.
Said terminology is more commonly used in clinical situations.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
vagus nerve (CN X)
vagomimetic
vagolytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
If an organ, such as the heart, is being driven excessively by the parasympathetic nervous system, the heart rate becomes dangerously slow (___).
The administration of a parasympatholytic or ___ drug, such as atropine, blocks the parasympathetic effect on the heart, thereby allowing the heart rate to increase.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
bradycardia
vagolytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
The sympathetics and parasympathetics are active at the same time, creating a background (continuous, low-level) firing of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
This background autonomic activity is called autonomic ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
tone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
In the resting state, parasympathetic activity is generally stronger.
For example, parasympathetic ___ maintains the resting heart rate at around 72 beats/min.
When physical activity increases, however, the sympathetic nerves fire more intensely, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases.
The shift to sympathetic discharge during exercise results in an increase in heart rate, thereby supplying more oxygen and energy to the exercising muscles.
The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is maintained by the ___ and parts of the ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
tone
hypothalamus
brain stem
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
A second example of autonomic ___ involves the blood vessels.
Blood vessels are innervated only by the sympathetic nerves; there is no parasympathetic innervation.
Thus, the autonomic ___ of the blood vessels is determined by the sympathetic nervous system.
Background sympathetic firing keeps the blood vessels somewhat constricted.
This sympathetically induced continuous state of blood vessel constriction is called ___ ___ or sympathetic ___.
Additional sympathetic firing causes blood vessels to constrict, thereby elevating blood pressure.
A decrease in sympathetic firing causes blood vessels to dilate, thereby lowering blood pressure.
A change in ___ ___ is clinically very important.
For example, loss of ___ ___ can dangerously lower blood pressure, plunging a person into a lethal shock.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
tone
tone
vasomotor tone, tone
vasomotor tone
vasomotor tone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 224)
The numbers and arrangement of the neurons of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are important.
The pathways of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) use two neurons with a ___ between each neuron.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
ganglion
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The cell body of neuron 1 is located in the ___ ___ ___ (___), in the ___ or the ___ ___.
The axon of neuron 1 leaves the ___ ___ ___ (___) and extends to the ___ where it synapses on neuron 2.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
central nervous system (CNS), brain, spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
ganglion
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The axon of neuron 1 is called the ___ fiber (because it comes before [___] the ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
preganglionic
pre
ganglion
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The axon of neuron 2 leaves the ___ and extends to the ___ or target organ.
This axon is called the ___ fiber (because it comes after [___] the ___).
Pay particular attention to the ___ fibers; they are key to understanding autonomic function.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
ganglion, effector
postganglionic, post, ganglion
postganglionic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems secrete different ___.
These different ___ account for the different effects caused by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The neurons of the sympathetic nervous system leave the spinal cord at the ___ and ___ levels (___ to ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
thoracic
lumbar
T1 to L2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
The sympathetic nervous system is therefore called the ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
thoracolumbar outflow
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 225)
Most ___ sympathetic fibers travel a short distance and synapse within ganglia located close to the spinal cord.
The sympathetic ganglia form a chain that runs parallel to the ___ ___.
This chain is called the ___ ___ or ___ ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 225, 226)
preganglionic
vertebral column
sympathetic chain ganglia, paravertebral ganglia
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 225, 226)
___ fibers leave the ganglia and extend to the various target organs.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
Postganglionic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The location of the ___ ___ is important.
The ___ ___ provide a site where each preganglionic fiber ___ with multiple postganglionic fibers.
The firing of a single sympathetic neuron is capable of providing a generalized, widespread sympathetic response; many organs respond to sympathetic firing.
This makes sense—if you are confronted with an emergency situation, you want the entire body to respond immediately!
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
paravertebral ganglia
paravertebral ganglia
synapses
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ ___ (___ ___) acts as a modified sympathetic ganglion.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
adrenal gland (adrenal medulla)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers supply the adrenal medulla, causing it to secrete hormones (___ and ___) that resemble the ___ of the sympathetic nervous system.
These hormones circulate in the blood throughout the body.
Thus, the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla function together to achieve a sustained response.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
epinephrine
norepinephrine
neurotransmitters
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system leave the central nervous system (CNS) at the level of the ___ ___ and ___ (___ to ___).
The parasympathetic nervous system is therefore called the ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
brain stem and sacrum, (S2 to S4)
craniosacral outflow
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
Because the ganglia of the ___ nervous system are located close to or within the target organs, the ___ nerves do not have a chain of ganglia running parallel to the spinal cord.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
parasympathetic x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ fibers are long because the ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system are located near the target organ.
Short ___ fibers run from the ganglia to the smooth muscle or glands within the organ.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
preganglionic
postganglionic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
Because of the location of the ganglia close to the target organs, parasympathetic activity generates a more ___ response (as opposed to the ___ sympathetic response).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
localized
generalized
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
Parasympathetic fibers travel from the brain stem with four cranial nerves (CNs): ___ (CN ___), ___ (CN ___), ___ (CN ___), and ___ (CN __).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
oculomotor (CN III)
facial (CN VII)
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
vagus (CN X)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ nerve (CN ___) innervates most of the extrinsic eye muscles (skeletal muscles) that move the eyeball.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) also carries parasympathetic fibers to two intrinsic eye muscles: the ___ muscle of the eye, which causes pupillary ___, and the ___ muscle, which controls the shape of the lens of the eye.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
constrictor
constriction
ciliary
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ nerve (CN ___) carries parasympathetic fibers to the tear glands (eyes), salivary glands (mouth), and nasal glands (nose).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
facial nerve (CN VII)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ nerve (CN ___) [with the assistance of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve] carries parasympathetic fibers to the salivary glands in the mouth.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The ___ nerve (CN ___) (the “wanderer” nerve) carries over ___% of the parasympathetic fibers.
It travels from the brain stem to organs within the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Thus, the terms parasympathomimetic/parasympatholytic are used synonymously with ___/___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
vagus never (CN X), 80
vagomimetic, vagolytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The key to understanding autonomic function and autonomic pharmacology is based on knowledge of the autonomic ___ and their ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
neurotransmitters
receptors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The two major neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are ___ (___) and ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine (NE)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
The neurotransmitter is used to name the fibers of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
For example, a fiber that secretes norepinephrine (NE) as its neurotransmitter is called an ___ fiber [norepinephrine (NE) is also called ___].
A fiber that secretes acetylcholine (ACh) as its neurotransmitter is called a ___ fiber.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
adrenergic, noradrenaline
cholinergic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
We are concerned with four fibers (two preganglionic and two postganglionic fibers—sympathetic and parasympathetic).
All ___ fibers secrete acetylcholine (ACh) and are therefore cholinergic fibers.
The ___ fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete acetylcholine (ACh) and are also cholinergic.
The ___ sympathetic nervous system fibers, however, secrete norepinephrine (NE) and are called adrenergic fibers.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 226, 227)
preganglionic
postganglionic
postganglionic
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 226, 227)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 226)
Acetylcholine (ACh) is secreted by ___ fibers and diffuses to its receptor.
After acetylcholine (ACh) exerts its effect on its receptor, it is quickly degraded by ___ (___), an enzyme found in the synapse.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
cholinergic
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
Norepinephrine (NE) is secreted by ___ fibers.
The effects of norepinephrine (NE) are more prolonged because of the manner in which norepinephrine (NE) is terminated.
Most of the norepinephrine (NE) is reabsorbed by the ___ nerve terminals themselves.
The termination of norepinephrine (NE) is called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
adrenergic
adrenergic
reuptake
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
The termination of norepinephrine (NE) differs from that of acetylcholine (ACh).
The norepinephrine (NE) taken up by the nerve terminal is processed in two ways.
Most of the norepinephrine (NE) is simply reused.
Excess norepinephrine (NE) can be degraded by an enzyme located within the adrenergic nerve terminal and is called ___ ___ (___).
Some of the norepinephrine (NE) is merely “washed away” from the synapse and is degraded by another enzyme found in surrounding tissue.
The name of this enzyme is ___-O-___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
The neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)—___ (___) and ___ (___)—bind to receptors on target cells (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
acetylcholine (ACh)
norepinephrine (NE)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
A receptor is any site on the cell to which a ___ binds, causing an alteration in cellular function.
For example, ___ (___) binds to a receptor on a heart cell and causes the heart rate to decrease.
___ (___) binds to a different receptor on the heart cell and causes the heart rate to increase.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh)
Norepinephrine (NE)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two receptor types: ___ and ___ receptors.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
cholinergic
adrenergic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
Cholinergic receptors are activated by ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
acetylcholine (ACh)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
There are two types of cholinergic receptors: ___ receptors and ___ receptors.
The different types of cholinergic receptors explain the variety of effects of cholinergic receptor activation by acetylcholine (ACh).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
muscarinic
nicotinic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 227)
Muscarinic receptors are located on the effector or target organs (___ muscle, ___ muscle, and ___) of the parasympathetic nerves.
Thus, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system releases ___ (___) and stimulates muscarinic receptors.
For example, activation of the muscarinic receptors on the constrictor muscle of the iris causes pupil size to ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 227, 228)
cardiac, smooth, glands
acetylcholine (ACh)
decrease
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 227, 228)
Activation of the muscarinic receptors in the heart (sinoatrial node) causes the heart rate to ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
decrease
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
Muscarinic activation of the urinary bladder causes the bladder muscle to ___ and the outlet sphincter muscle of the urinary bladder to ___; these coordinated muscarinic responses of the bladder promote urination.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
contract
relax
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
There are two types of nicotinic receptors in the peripheral nervous system.
The ___ ___ (___) receptors are located within the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Because these nicotinic receptors are located in both the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system, the responses to ___ ___ (___) activation are difficult to predict.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
nicotinic neural (NN)
nicotinic neural (NN)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
Nicotinic receptors are also located outside the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
For example, the receptors located on skeletal muscles in the neuromuscular junction are ___ ___ receptors (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
nicotinic muscle (NM)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
Activation of the ___ ___ (___) receptors in the neuromuscular junction causes skeletal muscle contraction.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
nicotinic muscle (NM)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
The ___ ___ (___) receptors are part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); the nicotinic muscle (NM) receptors are part of the ___ ___ nervous system and ___ muscle.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
nicotinic neural (NN)
somatic motor
skeletal
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: ___- (___) adrenergic and ___- (___) adrenergic receptors.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
alpha-(α)
beta-(β)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
There are subtypes of the adrenergic receptors: ___-, ___-, ___-, and ___-adrenergic receptors.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
alpha1
alpha2
beta1
beta2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
___ receptors are located on the target organs of the sympathetic nerves, so that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes activation of ___ receptors.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Adrenergic
adrenergic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Activation of the ___ receptors of the blood vessels of the mucous membrane causes constriction, thereby decreasing blood flow and shrinking swollen membranes to relieve the discomfort of a stuffy nose.
Activation of the ___ receptors on blood vessels causes vasoconstriction, thereby elevating blood pressure.
These drugs are used in the treatment of conditions that involve low blood pressure, such as shock.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
alpha1
alpha1
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Activation of the ___ receptors in the heart increases heart rate and the strength of cardiac muscle contraction.
Activation of the ___ receptors dilates the breathing tubes, thereby increasing airflow; this action is the basis of the bronchodilators used in the treatment of asthma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
beta1
beta2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Activation of the ___ receptors in the iris (eye) causes the radial muscle to contract and the pupil to dilate.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
alpha1
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Activation of the ___ receptors in the pregnant uterus causes the uterine muscles to relax, thereby preventing the premature delivery of the fetus.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
beta2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
The adrenergic receptors are activated by ___ (___) and other natural catecholamines, such as epinephrine and dopamine.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
norepinephrine (NE)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
There are a small number of ___ receptors (also classified as adrenergic receptors) located in the blood vessels of the kidney.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
dopamine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Activation of the ___ receptors causes the blood vessels in the kidney to dilate, thereby increasing blood flow to the kidneys.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
dopamine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
What is often administered clinically to maintain blood flow to the kidneys during shock-like episodes that would normally diminish blood flow to the kidneys?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
Dopamine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 229)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 228)
Autonomic pharmacology classifies drugs according to their receptors.
For example, a beta1-adrenergic ___ is a drug that activates the beta1-adrenergic receptors.
An ___ is a drug that activates a receptor.
A beta1-adrenergic ___ is a drug that blocks the effect of beta1-adrenergic activation.
An ___ or blocker is a drug that prevents receptor activation.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
agonist
agonist
antagonist
antagonist
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A muscarinic ___ activates the muscarinic receptor, whereas a muscarinic ___ blocks muscarinic receptor activation.
The same terminology is applied to drugs that interact with cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
agonist
antagonist
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
Mr. T was admitted to the ER, experiencing respiratory distress caused by asthma.
He given a beta2-___ ___ (albuterol).
Activation of the beta2-___ receptors on the bronchioles (airways) causes the airways to dilate (open up), thereby improving the flow of air and relieving the respiratory distress of asthma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
adrenergic agonist
adrenergic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A very anxious Mr. Q was admitted with a rapid heart rate.
He given a beta1-___ ___ (propranolol).
Mr. Q’s heart rate was elevated because of excess sympathetic stimulation (an anxiety effect).
A beta1-___ ___ prevents activation of the beta1-___ receptors on the heart, thereby reducing heart rate.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
adrenergic blocker
adrenergic blocker
adrenergic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A patient has had a heart attack and is experiencing a very slow heart rate caused by excessive parasympathetic (vagal) activity.
He was given a ___ ___ (atropine).
___ activation (caused by excess parasympathetic activity) slows heart rate.
By blocking ___ receptors with atropine, heart rate increases.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
muscarinic antagonist
Muscarinic
muscarinic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
Ms. S is diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure).
Her physician prescribe an alpha1-___ ___.
The alpha1-___ ___ blocks the alpha1 receptors in the blood vessels, causing them to dilate.
Blood vessel dilation decreases blood pressure.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
adrenergic blocker
adrenergic antagonist
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A postoperative patient is unable to urinate because of the anticholinergic drugs used during the perioperative period.
She was given a ___ ___ such as bethanechol.
Activation of the ___ receptors stimulates contraction of the urinary bladder and relaxation of the bladder sphincter.
Both actions facilitate urination.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
muscarinic agonist
muscarinic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A patient goes to his eye doctor for an eye exam.
The physician put ___ eyedrops in his eyes.
Activation of the ___ receptor on the pupillary muscles causes pupillary constriction.
By using ___ (___) eyedrops, the muscarinic receptors are blocked, and the pupil dilates.
The dilated pupils facilitate the eye exam.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
anticholinergic
muscarinic
anticholinergic (antimuscarinic)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
A canine friend (Dillon) routinely “bradys down” in response to general anesthesia and is therefore premedicated with atropine.
The general anesthesia causes sustained ___ discharge to the heart and a significant decrease in heart rate (___).
By premedicating with a ___ or ___ drug, atropine, the decline in heart rate is prevented.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
vagal
bradycardia
vagolytic, antimuscarinic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 230)
