Endocrine System Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com
What are the two chief communicating and coordinating systems in the body?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Nervous
Endocrine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
What are the two systems that regulate almost all organ systems?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Nervous
Endocrine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Although the nervous and endocrine systems work together closely, they have several differences.
The nervous system communicates through electrical signals called ___ ___.
In general, the endocrine system and its ___ help regulate metabolic processes involving carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
nerve impulses
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
___ ___ communicate information rapidly and generally achieve short-term effects.
The endocrine system, in contrast, communicates through chemical signals called ___.
The endocrine system responds more slowly and generally exerts longer-lasting effects.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Nerve impulses
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
___ play an important role in growth and reproduction and help regulate water and electrolyte balance.
When people become hungry, thirsty, hot, or cold, the body’s response includes the secretion of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Hormones
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
___ help the body to meet the demands of infection, trauma, and stress.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
What is the study of the endocrine system?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Endocrinology
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
The endocrine system is composed of ___ ___ that are widely distributed throughout the body.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
endocrine glands
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Which glands secrete the chemical substances called hormones?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Endocrine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
___ glands are ductless glands—that is, they secrete the hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts.
For example, the pancreas secretes the hormone insulin into the blood, which then delivers the insulin to cells throughout the body.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Endocrine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the ___ and not into ducts.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
blood
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
What are the chemical messengers that influence or control the activities of other tissues or organs?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Chemically, hormones are classified as either ___ (and ___-related substances) or ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
proteins
protein
steroids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
With the exception of secretions from the ___ ___ and the ___ ___, all hormones are protein or protein related.
The ___ ___ and the ___ ___ secrete steroids.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
adrenal cortex, sex glands
adrenal cortex, sex glands
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
Each hormone binds to a specific tissue, called its ___ tissue or organ.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
target
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 262)
What may be located close to or at a distance from the endocrine gland?
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 262, 263)
Target Tissue
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 262, 263)
Some hormones, such as thyroid hormone and insulin, have many ___ ___ and therefore exert more widespread, or generalized, effects.
Other hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), have fewer ___ ___ and therefore exert fewer effects.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 263)
target tissues
target tissues
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 263)
Hormones bind to the ___ ___ of the cells of their target tissues.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
receptor sites
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
The two types of receptors are those located on the outer surface of the cell membrane (___ ___) and those located within the cell (___ ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
membrane receptors
intracellular receptors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
The hormone and its receptor can be compared with a ___-and-___ mechanism.
The ___ must fit the ___.
The same is true for the hormone and receptor; a part of the hormone (___) “fits into” its receptor (___) on the target.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
lock-and-key
key, lock
key, lock
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
Unless the match is perfect, the ___ cannot lock into and stimulate the ___.
For example, the ___ insulin circulates throughout the body in the blood and is therefore delivered to every cell in the body.
Insulin, however, can only stimulate the cells that have insulin ___.
Insulin does not affect cells that lack insulin ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
hormone, receptor
hormone
receptors
receptors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
The ___-and-___ theory guarantees that a particular hormone affects only certain cells.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
lock-and-key
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
The hormone-receptor relationship ensures ___, meaning that there is a specific hormone for each receptor.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
specificity
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
___ hormones generally bind to receptor sites located on the cell membrane.
The interaction of the hormone with its receptor stimulates the production of a second messenger such as ___ ___ ___ (___).
The ___ ___ ___ (___), in turn, helps activate the enzymes in the cell.
For example, when epinephrine stimulates its receptors on the heart, ___ ___ ___ (___) is formed and then stimulates the heart itself.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
Protein
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
The second type of receptor is located intracellularly.
___ hormones, which are lipid soluble, pass through the plasma membrane of the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus.
The steroid–receptor complex then stimulates ___ synthesis.
The newly synthesized ___ alters cellular function.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 264, 265)
Steroid
protein
protein
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 264, 265)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 264)
Three mechanisms control the secretion of hormones: ___ ___ ___, ___, and control by the ___ ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
feedback control loops
biorhythms
central nervous system (CNS)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Normal endocrine function depends on the normal plasma levels of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Life-threatening complications develop when the glands hypersecrete or hyposecrete ___.
For example, if too much or too little ___ is secreted by the adrenal cortex, the person develops signs and symptoms that are potentially life threatening.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
hormones
steroid
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
How does the adrenal cortex, a steroid-secreting gland, know when it has secreted enough steroid?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Negative Feedback Control Loop
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
The pattern of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion is one example of a ___ ___ ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
negative feedback control loop
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
___ ___ (___), secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates its target organ (adrenal cortex) to secrete ___.
As blood levels of ___ increase, the ___ in the blood chemically “tells” the anterior pituitary gland to slow further secretion of ___ ___ (___).
The diminished ___ ___ (___), in turn, decreases the secretion of ___ by the adrenal cortex.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol
cortisol x 2, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Information that is fed back to the ___ ___ ___ includes an increased level of cortisol in the blood.
The response of the ___ ___ ___ is to decrease its secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Because the cortisol diminished the secretion of the ___ ___ ___, the response is referred to as negative feedback control.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
anterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
The adrenal cortex does not completely stop its secretion of ___.
Over time, the plasma level of ___ declines as the hormone is degraded and eliminated from the body; the negative inhibition by ___ is relieved, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is again secreted.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
cortisol
cortisol, cortisol
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
(Negative/positive) feedback loops are the more common of the loops.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Negative
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Unlike the inhibition of a negative feedback loop, a ___ feedback loop causes an enhanced response, a self-amplification cycle in which a change is the stimulus for an even greater change in the same direction.
For example, during early labour, the head of the baby stretches the cervix, the neck of the uterus.
The stretch causes nerve impulses to travel from the cervix to the brain, which in turn causes the secretion of a hormone called ___.
The ___ is carried by the blood to the uterus, where it stimulates the contraction of the uterus.
In response to uterine contraction, the cervix is stretched further by the baby’s head, causing the release of additional ___.
This ___ feedback cycle continues until the baby is born.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
positive
oxytocin
oxytocin
oxytocin
positive
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
(Negative/positive) feedback loops are often designed to produce a rapid response.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
positive
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Blood levels of most hormones are also controlled by ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
biorhythms
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
What is a rhythmic alteration in a hormone’s rate of secretion?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Biorhythm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Some hormones, such as cortisol, are secreted in a ___ rhythm.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
circadian
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
A ___ rhythm (___- means “around”; -___ means “day”) is a 24-hour rhythm; its pattern repeats every 24 hours.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
circadian, circa, dian
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Because of its ___ rhythm, cortisol secretion is highest in the morning hours (peak at 8 AM) and lowest in the evening hours (lowest at midnight).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
circadian
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
The female reproductive hormones represent another ___.
They are secreted in a monthly pattern—hence, the monthly menstrual cycle.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
biorhythm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Unfortunately, ___ can be disturbed by travel and alterations in sleep patterns.
For example, jet lag and the symptoms of fatigue experienced by persons who work the night shift are related to alterations of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
biorhythms
biorhythms
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
More recently, alterations in ___ have been linked to disturbances in cholesterol metabolism and diseases such as cancer.
The problem has become so acute that some hospitals have developed staffing schedules based on ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
biorhythms
biorhythms
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 265)
Sometimes drugs are administered on a schedule that mimics normal ___.
For example, steroids are administered in the morning, when natural steroid levels are highest.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 265, 266)
biorhythms
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 265, 266)
Coordinating with the natural rhythms increases the effectiveness of the drug and causes fewer side effects.
The effect of biorhythms on drug effects is so important that a branch of pharmacology addresses this issue: ___.
The time of drug administration may have a profound effect on its activity.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
chronopharmacology
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The central nervous system (CNS) helps control the secretion of hormones in two ways: activation of the ___ and stimulation of the ___ nervous system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
hypothalamus
sympathetic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The ___ ___ ___ (___) exerts a powerful influence over the endocrine system.
Because the ___ ___ ___ (___) is also the center for our emotional lives, it is not surprising that our emotions, in turn, affect the endocrine system.
For example, when we are stressed out, the ___ ___ ___ (___) causes several of the endocrine glands to secrete stress hormones, thereby alerting every cell in the body to the threat.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
central nervous system (CNS)
central nervous system (CNS)
central nervous system (CNS)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
Many women have experienced the effect of ___ on the menstrual cycle.
___ can cause the menstrual period to occur early or late; it may even cause the cycle to skip a month.
These effects illustrate the power of emotions and the central nervous system (CNS) on our body.
In fact, the functions of the nervous system and the endocrine system are so closely related that the word ___ is used.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
stress
Stress
psychoneuroendocrinology
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The pituitary gland, also called the ___, is a pea-sized gland located in a depression of the sphenoid bone on the floor of the cranium.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
hypophysis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
What is attached to the undersurface of the hypothalamus by a short stalk called the infundibulum?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
Hypophysis
Pituitary Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The pituitary contains two main parts: the ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
anterior pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The secretions of both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland are dependent upon the ___, although in different ways.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
hypothalamus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The secretion of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamic secretion of hormones called releasing hormones and release-inhibiting hormones—they either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
For example, ___-releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete ___ (___).
___-inhibiting hormone (___), secreted by the hypothalamus, inhibits the secretion of ___ (___) by the anterior pituitary gland.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
anterior pituitary gland
prolactin-releasing hormone, prolactin (PRL)
Prolactin-inhibting hormone (PIH), prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The ___ secretes its hormones into a network of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that connect the ___ with the anterior pituitary gland.
These connecting capillaries are called the ___-___ ___ ___.
Thus, hormones secreted by the ___ flow through the portal capillaries to the anterior pituitary.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
hypothalamus, hypothalamus
hypothalamic–hypophyseal portal system
hypothalamus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The anterior pituitary gland is composed of glandular epithelial tissue and is also called the ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
adenohypophysis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 266)
The anterior pituitary gland secretes ___ major hormones.
These hormones control other glands and affect many organ systems.
In fact, the anterior pituitary affects so many other glands that it is often called the ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 266, 267)
six
master gland
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 266, 267)
The hormones of the anterior pituitary include ___-___ ___ (___), ___ ___ (___), ___ ___ (___), the ___, and ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
gonadotropins
prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth hormone (GH) is also called ___tropin or ___tropic hormone.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
somato x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Which hormone primarily effects on the growth of bones, cartilage, and skeletal muscles, thereby determining a person’s size and height?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth Hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Which hormone exerts powerful metabolic effects?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth Hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What causes amino acids to be built into proteins and fats to be broken down and used for energy?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth Hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
___ ___ (___) stimulates the conversion of protein to glucose (___), especially during periods of fasting between meals.
___ ___ (___) thus causes blood glucose levels to rise.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth hormone (GH)
gluconeogenesis
Growth hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Because ___ ___ (___) stimulates tissue growth and repair it has been used successfully in the treatment of severe burns.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
___ ___ (___) affects electrolyte balance: it stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl − ) and the digestive tract to absorb dietary calcium.
These electrolytes then become available to growing tissue.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
In addition to the direct effects of growth hormone (GH) on tissue growth, it also stimulates growth indirectly.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates the liver to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors (or ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
somatomedins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
As its name implies, ___ ___ (___) exerts a profound effect on growth.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
growth hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is secreted primarily during periods of exercise, sleep, and hypoglycemia?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Growth Hormone (GH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is also called lactogenic hormone?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
As its name suggests (___- means “for”; -___- means “milk”), ___ (___) stimulates the growth of the mammary glands and the production of milk after childbirth.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
pro, lact
prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
As long as the lactating mother continues to breast-feed, ___ (___) levels remain high, and milk is produced.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The role of ___ (___) in males is not fully understood but is known to increase the secretion of testosterone and affect fertility.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
prolactin (PRL)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The remaining hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are called ___ hormones, which are aimed at and control other glands.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
tropic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What are the three tropic hormones?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Thyrotropin or Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic Hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The target gland for ___-___ ___ (___) is the thyroid gland, stimulating it to secrete two thyroid hormones.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The target gland for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the ___ ___, stimulating it to secrete steroids.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
adrenal cortex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The target glands for the gonadotropic hormones are the gonads, or sex glands (___ and ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
(ovaries and testes)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What are the two gonadotropins?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Which gonadotropin stimulates the development of ova (eggs) in the female and sperm in the male?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Which gonadotropin causes ovulation in the female and causes the secretion of sex hormones in both the male and the female?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male is also called ___ ___-___ ___ (___) because it stimulates the interstitial cells in the testes to synthesize and secrete testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is controlled by the hypothalamus, but not through the secretion of releasing hormones?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Posterior Pituitary Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is an extension of the hypothalamus?
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is composed of nervous tissue and is therefore called the neurohypophysis?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Posterior Pituitary Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
The two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are produced in the ___ and transported to the gland, where they are stored until needed.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
hypothalamus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What are the two posterior pituitary gland hormones?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What is released from the posterior pituitary gland to conserve water?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
What are the primarys target organs for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Kidneys
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
___ ___ (___) causes the kidney to reabsorb water from the urine and return it to the blood.
By so doing, the amount of urine that the kidney excretes decreases-hence, the term ___ ___ (___- means “against”; ___ means “urine flow”).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
antidiuretic hormone, anti, diuresis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 269)
___ ___ (___) is released in response to concentrated blood (increased ___) and decreased blood volume; both occur in dehydration.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
osmolarity
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
What are the hypothalamic cells that sense the increasing osmolarity of the blood?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Osmoreceptors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Other triggers for the release of ___ ___ (___) are stress, trauma, and drugs such as morphine.
Alcohol, in contrast, inhibits ___ ___ (___) secretion—hence, the excessive urination that accompanies beer drinking!
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
In the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a profound ___ occurs, and the person may excrete up to 25 L/day of dilute urine.
This antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency disease is called ___ ___ and should not be confused with the more common diabetes mellitus, which is an insulin deficiency.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
diuresis
diabetes insipidus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the blood vessels to constrict, thereby elevating blood pressure.
Because of this blood pressure–elevating effect, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is also called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
vasopressin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
A ___ agent is one that elevates blood pressure.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
vasopressor
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The second ___ ___ hormone is oxytocin.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
posterior pituitary
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The target organs of oxytocin in the female are the ___ and the ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
uterus
mammary glands (breasts)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Oxytocin release occurs in response to ___ ___, that is, in response to signals from the nervous system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
neuroendocrine reflexes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
What stimulates the muscles of the uterus to contract and plays a role in labour and the delivery of a baby?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Oxytocin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The word ___ literally means “swift birth,” and an ___ drug is one that causes uterine contractions and hastens delivery.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
oxytocin
oxytocic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Which hormone plays a role in breast-feeding?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Oxytocin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
When the baby suckles at the breast, ___ is released and stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles around the mammary ducts within the breasts, thereby releasing breast milk.
The release of milk in response to suckling is called the ___ ___-___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
oxytocin
milk let-down reflex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The role of ___ in the male is not fully understood; it is thought to help move the semen along the male reproductive tract.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
oxytocin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
___ has recently been dubbed the bonding or relationship hormone; it seems that a high blood level of ___ generates feelings of goodwill and an urge to be cooperative, protective, and friendly.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Oxytocin
oxytocin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The ___ ___ is located in the anterior neck; it is situated anterior to the trachea and is easily palpated (i.e., ___ nodules or enlargement).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
thyroid gland
thyroid
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The thyroid gland is butterfly shaped and has two large lobes connected by a band of tissue called the ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
isthmus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The thyroid gland contains two types of cells: the ___ cells, located within the thyroid follicle, and the ___ cells, located between the follicles.
Each type of cell secretes a specific hormone.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
follicular
parafollicular
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The thyroid gland is composed of many secretory units called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
follicles
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The cavity in each follicle is filled with a clear, viscous substance called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
colloid
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Follicular cells secrete two thyroid hormones: ___ (___) and ___ (___ or ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
triiodothyronine (T3)
tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The term ___ ___ refers to triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) collectively.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
thyroid hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) have similar functions, although ___ (___) is more potent.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
triiodothyronine (T3)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Moreover, the small amount of tetraiodothyronine (T4) that enters the cells is converted to ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
triiodothyronine (T3)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Which hormones regulate all phases of metabolism; they increase the release of energy from carbohydrates and fatty acids, increase protein synthesis, and determine the number of calories required to “keep the body running at rest”?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Thyroid Hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The “keep the body running at rest” is called the ___ ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
What are essential for the normal maturation of the nervous system and for normal growth and development; they also play a permissive role in that they are necessary for the proper functioning of all other hormones?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
Thyroid Hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 270)
The hypothalamus secretes a ___ ___ ___, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ___-___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
hypothalamic releasing hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
What stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
When the plasma levels of the thyroid hormones increase sufficiently, negative feedback inhibition prevents further secretion of ___-___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
The synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) requires iodine salts called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
iodides
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 271)
The ___ come from dietary sources; they are absorbed into the blood and are then actively pumped into the follicular cells of the thyroid gland, where they are used in the synthesis of the thyroid hormones.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 271, 272)
iodides
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 271, 272)
Tetraiodothyronine, or thyroxine, contains four (tetra-) ___ atoms and therefore is called T4.
Triiodothyronine (tri-) contains three ___ atoms and is called T3 .
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
iodine
iodine
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
In an ___-deficient state, the amount of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) production decreases because ___ is necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
iodine x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
With insufficient iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made in quantities great enough to shut off the secretion of ___-___ ___ (___) through negative feedback control.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Persistent stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes the thyroid gland to enlarge; an enlarged thyroid gland is called a ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
goiter
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Clinical assessment of thyroid function makes use of the iodine-pumping activity of the gland.
For example, if a patient drinks ___ ___ (___), the thyroid gland pumps the ___ ___ (___) from the blood into the gland.
The rate of ___ uptake by the thyroid gland can be determined by a gamma ray scanner placed over the thyroid gland.
Increased ___ uptake is observed in hyperthyroid and iodine-deficient patients, whereas a decrease in ___ uptake is noted with hypothyroid patients.
Larger therapeutic doses of ___ ___ (___) can be used to destroy thyroid tissue in the hyperthyroid state.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
radioactive iodine (131I) x 2
iodine
iodine x 2
radioactive iodine (131I)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete a hormone called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Although ___ is secreted by the thyroid gland, it is not called a “thyroid hormone” as are triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) .
The effects of ___ are very different from those of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) .
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
calcitonin
calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What helps regulate blood levels of calcium and phosphate?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What is secreted in response to elevated blood levels of calcium and stimulates osteoblastic (bone-making) activity in the bones, thereby moving calcium from the blood into the bone?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What increases the excretion of calcium and phosphate in the urine?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What generally acts as an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Calcitonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Four tiny parathyroid glands lie along the (posterior/anterior) surface of the thyroid gland.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
posterior
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What do the parathyroid glands secrete?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
What is the main hormone the body uses to maintain calcium homeostasis; the stimulus for its release is a low blood level of calcium?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has three target organs: ___, digestive tract (___), and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
bone
intestine
kidneys
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to increase blood calcium levels, which it does in three ways:
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the release of calcium from bone tissue, called ___.
It does so by stimulating ___ (___ ___) activity.
In response, calcium moves from the bone to the blood.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine.
At the same time, parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes the kidneys to excrete ___.
The excretion of ___ by the kidneys is called its ___ ___.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates vitamin ___, and with the assistance of vitamin ___, increases the absorption of dietary calcium by the digestive tract (intestine).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
resorption
osteoclastic (bone breakdown)
phosphate
phosphate, phosphaturic effect
D x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
The urinary excretion of ___ is important because of the inverse relationship of ___ and calcium in the blood.
The inverse relationship means that as ___ levels decrease, calcium levels increase; when ___ levels increase, calcium levels decrease.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
phosphate x 2
phosphate x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
To raise blood calcium levels, it is necessary to lower blood ___ levels.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
phosphate
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Which vitamin deficiency can decrease the dietary absorption of calcium?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
D
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 272)
Blood ___ levels control the secretion of both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) through negative feedback control.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
calcium
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
(Low/high) blood calcium levels stimulate secretion of calcitonin, whereas (low/high) blood calcium levels inhibit secretion of calcitonin and stimulate secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
High
low
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 273)
Calcium normally stabilizes nerve and muscle membranes.
With insufficient ___ ___ (___), blood calcium declines, causing hypocalcemia.
Consequently, the nerve and muscle membranes become unstable and continuously fire electrical signals, causing the muscles to remain contracted.
Sustained skeletal muscle contraction is referred to as ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 273, 274)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
tetany
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 273, 274)
___ ___ not only contorts the wrist; more seriously, it causes sustained contractions of the muscles of the larynx (laryngospasm) and the breathing muscles.
Inability of these muscles to relax causes asphyxiation and death.
___ is life threatening!
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
Hypocalcemic tetany
Hypocalcemia
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
The two small glands located above the kidneys are called ___ ___ (___ means “near”, ___ means “kidney”).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
adrenal glands
ad
renal
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
An adrenal gland consists of two regions: an inner ___ and an outer ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
medulla
cortex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
Although the adrenal gland secretes two different types of hormones from two distinct regions, there is some interaction between the medulla and cortex, especially in the hormonal response to ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
stress
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
The ___ ___ is the inner region of the adrenal gland and is considered an extension of the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) nervous system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
adrenal medulla
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
___ cells in the adrenal medulla secrete two hormones: epinephrine (___%) and norepinephrine (___%).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
Chromaffin
85
15
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, classified as ___, are secreted in emergency or stress situations.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
catecholamines
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 274)
The catecholamines, like the sympathetic nervous system, help the body respond to stress by causing the following effects:
- Elevating ___ ___
- Increasing ___ ___
- Converting ___ to glucose in the liver, thereby making more glucose available to the cells
- Increasing metabolic rate of most cells, thereby providing more ___
- Causing ___ (opening up of the breathing passages) to increase the flow of air into the lungs
- Changing blood flow patterns, causing dilation of the blood vessels to the heart and muscles and constriction of the blood vessels to the ___ ___
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 274, 275)
blood pressure
heart rate
glycogen
energy
bronchodilation
digestive tract
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 274, 275)
Some medullary cells extend into the outer ___ layer.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
cortical
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
When stress activates the sympathetic fight-or-flight response, the medullary cells stimulate the cortex to secrete ___ (also stress hormones).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
steroids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
The ___ ___, the outer region of the adrenal gland, secretes hormones called steroids.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
adrenal cortex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What are lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Steroids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The adrenal cortex secretes three steroids: ___, ___, and ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
sex hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Adrenal cortical hormones are essential for life.
If the adrenal cortex is removed or its function is lost, death will occur unless ___ are administered.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
steroids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
As their name implies, the ___ affect carbohydrates.
FIX CARD HERE
DIFFERENT SECTION
They convert ___ ___ into glucose by gluconeogenesis, thereby maintaining blood glucose levels between meals.
This action ensures a steady supply of glucose for the brain and most other cells.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
glucocorticoids
amino acids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What affects protein and fat metabolism, burning both substances as fuel to increase energy production?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Glucocorticoids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
___ exert a permissive effect enabling other hormones to perform normally.
For instance, ___ do not have a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle (blood vessels); they permit other hormones to affect the blood vessels to maintain blood pressure.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Glucocorticoids
glucocorticoids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What is the chief glucocorticoid?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Cortisol
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What is a hormone that is secreted in greater amounts during times of stress?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Cortisol
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
___ refers to physiologic ___ such as disease, physical injury, hemorrhage, infection, pregnancy, extreme temperature, and emotional ___ such as anger and worry.
In fact, it is thought that the abdominal fat associated with heart disease is deposited in response to ___-induced chronic secretion of cortisol.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Stress, stress x 2
stress
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The secretion of cortisol involves the ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
adrenal gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The ___ secretes a releasing hormone, which then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in turn, stimulates the ___ ___ to secrete cortisol.
Through negative feedback control, the cortisol inhibits the further secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and additional cortisol.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
hypothalamus
adrenal cortex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 275)
What is the chief mineralocorticoid?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Aldosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What is often called the salt-retaining (NaCl) hormone?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Aldosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The primary target organ of aldosterone is the kidney where it acts to reabsorb sodium and water and eliminate ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
potassium
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Through its action on the kidney, aldosterone plays an important role in the regulation of ___ ___, ___ ___, and the concentration of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
blood volume
blood pressure
electrolytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
In the absence of aldosterone the body loses ___ (___) and ___, and both blood volume and blood pressure decline.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
sodium (Na+)
water
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The sex hormones—secreted in small amounts—include the female hormones, primarily ___, and male hormones, called ___ (primarily ___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
estrogens
androgens
testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
The sex hormones of the ovaries usually mask the effects of the adrenal sex hormones.
In females, the masculinizing effects of the adrenal androgens, such as increased body hair, may become evident after menopause, when levels of ___ and ___ from the ovaries decrease.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
estrogen
progesterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
A patient is given prednisone (cortisol-like) as a drug for the treatment of arthritis.
As blood cortisol levels rise, the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the ___ ___ ___ is inhibited by negative feedback.
In the absence of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the ___ ___ becomes “lazy” and stops its production of cortisol.
As long as the person continues to take the prednisone, blood cortisol levels remain high.
If, however, the person suddenly discontinues the drug, the lazy ___ ___ no longer produces cortisol in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the person may develop a lethal acute adrenal cortical insufficiency.
Remember: ___ are essential for life.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
anterior pituitary gland
adrenal gland
adrenal gland
steroids
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
Because of lazy adrenal cortical response, ___ drugs are never discontinued abruptly; dosage is tapered off over an extended period.
This gradual reduction in drug dose gives the lazy adrenal gland time to recover and regain its ability to respond to ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
steroid
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 276)
What is the long, slender organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Pancreas
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
What functions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Pancreas
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
The pancreas secretes at least five hormones; we are concerned primarily with two hormones: ___ and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
insulin
glucagon
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
PIG is a reminder that the ___ secretes ___ and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
pancreas
insulin
glucagon
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
The hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas are called the ___ of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
islets of Langerhans
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
The islets of Langerhans have several types of cells: the ___ ___, which secrete glucagon, and the ___ ___, which secrete insulin.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
alpha cells
beta cells
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Both insulin and glucagon help regulate the metabolism of ___, ___, and ___.
Of particular interested is the regulation of blood ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
glucose
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin is released in response to increased blood levels of ___, as occurs after a meal.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
glucose
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
The secretion of insulin (decreases/increases) as blood levels of glucose (decrease/increase).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
decreases
decrease
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin has many target tissues and therefore exerts widespread effects:
- Insulin helps transport ___ into most cells
- Insulin helps control ___, ___, and ___ metabolism in the cell
- Insulin can only work if it first binds to the ___ ___ on the target cell membrane
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
glucose
carbohydrate, protein, fat
insulin receptors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Without ___, glucose remains outside the cells, thereby depriving the cell of its fuel.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
insulin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
The liver and brain require ___ for their metabolic needs but do not require insulin for the transport of ___ across the cell membrane.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
glucose
glucose
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
What is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin stimulates the breakdown of glucose (___) for energy and stimulates the liver and skeletal muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
glycolysis
glycogenesis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin increases the transport of amino acids into cells and then stimulates the synthesis of ___ from the amino acids.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
protein
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
What promotes the making of fats from fatty acids?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
Insulin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 277)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 278)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 278)
Glucagon, a second pancreatic hormone, is secreted by the ___ ___ of the islets of Langerhans.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
alpha cells
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
What has a primary action to increase blood glucose levels?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
Glucagon
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
Glucagon raises the blood glucose level in two ways: by stimulating the conversion of ___ to glucose in the liver and by stimulating the conversion of ___ into glucose (gluconeogenesis).
Both these processes ensure a supply of glucose for the busy cells.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
glycogen
proteins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
The stimulus for the release of glucagon is a (decrease/increase) in blood levels of glucose.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
decrease
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 279)
The ___ are the sex glands and refer to the ovaries in the female and to the testes in the male.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
gonads
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The ___ not only produce ova (eggs) and sperm but also secrete hormones.
The ___ are therefore glands.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
gonads
gonads
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The ovaries secrete two female sex hormones: ___ and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
estrogen
progesterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
A female appears female (i.e., size, hair distribution, and fat distribution) primarily because of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
estrogen
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The testes secrete ___; a male appears male primarily because of ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
testosterone x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
What lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Thymus Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The thymus gland secretes hormones called ___, which play a role in the immune system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
thymosins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
What is a cone-shaped gland located close to the thalamus in the brain?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Pineal Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
What has been called the body’s “biological clock,” controlling many of its biorhythms?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Pineal Gland
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called ___, which affects the reproductive cycle by influencing the secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
In general, ___ plays an important role in sexual maturation.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
What is thought to play a role in the sleep–wake cycle?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The amount of ___ secreted is related to the amount of daylight.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Melatonin secretion is (lowest/highest) during daylight hours and (lowest/highest) at night.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
lowest
highest
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
As ___ levels increase, the person becomes sleepy.
___ is therefore said to have a tranquilizing effect.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
Melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Persons who work night shifts and sleep during the day have a reversed cycle of ___ production.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The reversal of the ___ cycle is related to the fatigue experienced by night shift workers.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
melatonin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Elevated melatonin levels have also been implicated in a type of depression called ___ ___ ___ (___).
This condition occurs most commonly in parts of the world where daylight hours are shorter during the winter season.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Numerous hormone-secreting cells are scattered throughout the body.
These hormones usually control the activities of a particular ___.
For example, hormone-secreting cells in the digestive tract secrete cholecystokinin and gastrin, which help regulate digestion.
The kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which helps regulate red blood cell production.
The liver secretes a number of hormones, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1).
Growth factor (IGF-1) mediates the action of growth hormone.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
organ
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The prostaglandins are hormones derived from a fatty acid called ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
arachidonic acid
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
What are produced by many tissues and generally act locally, near their site of secretion?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Prostaglandins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
The ___ play an important role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and the inflammatory response.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
prostaglandins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
___ are also thought to increase the sensitivity of nerve endings to pain.
Drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen block the synthesis of ___ and are therefore useful in relieving pain and inflammation.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Prostaglandins
prostaglandins
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Excess adipose tissue acts as a gland—a very nasty gland—that secretes hormones called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
cytokines
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
Bad fat collects around the thighs.
Worse fat that collects around the ___ area and is associated with excess visceral fat (surrounding the organs).
The cost of excess ___ fat is high with regard to heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and joint disease.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
abdominal
abdominal
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 280)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 263)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 263)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 267)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 267)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 268)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 268)
