Blood Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com Conestoga College. (2025, February 5). Blood [PowerPoint slides]. eConestoga.
What is the study of blood?
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Hematology
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What are three general functions of blood?
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Transportation
Regulation
Protection
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What delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to every cell in the body?
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Blood
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What picks up cell waste material, delivering it to organs that eliminate it from the body?
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Blood
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What is used as a vehicle for nutrient, ion, and hormone movement throughout the body?
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Blood
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What participates in fluid and electrolyte balance regulation, acid–base balance, and body temperature?
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Blood
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What helps protect the body from infection?
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Blood
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What contains clotting factors, which help protect the body from excessive blood loss?
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Blood
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Which connective tissue contains blood cells dispersed within a liquid intercellular matrix?
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Blood
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What causes the difference in blood colour?
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Oxygen (O2)
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What colour is well-oxygenated blood?
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Red
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What colour is oxygen (O2)-poor blood?
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Blue
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The average adult has ___ to ___ L of blood.
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4
6
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Which blood characteristic is normal at 7.35 to 7.45?
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pH
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What refers to blood thickness and affects the ease with which blood flows through blood vessels?
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Viscosity
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What is best demonstrated by comparing the flow of water and molasses?
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Viscosity
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Blood is normally three to five times more ___ than water.
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viscous
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What are the two blood components?
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Plasma
Formed Elements (Blood Cells and Cell Fragments)
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Which component is a pale-yellow fluid composed mostly of water?
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Plasma
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Which component contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste?
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Plasma
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What consists of albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins?
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Plasma Proteins
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What helps to regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury?
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Plasma Proteins
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What is plasma without clotting proteins?
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Serum
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What are the three blood cells (cell fragments)?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets
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What are red blood cells (RBCs) called?
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Erythrocytes
Eythro, meaning “red”.
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Which cell is primarily involved in oxygen (O2) transport to all body tissues?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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What are white blood cells (WBC) called?
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Leukocytes
Leuko, meaning “white”.
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Which cells protect the body from infection?
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White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukocytes
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What are platelets called?
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Thrombocytes
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Which cells protect the body from bleeding?
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Platelets
Thrombocytes
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The two blood parts can be observed in a test tube.
If a blood sample is collected in a tube and spun in a centrifuge, two phases appear: the heavier ___ ___ appear at the bottom of the tube; the lighter ___ accumulates at the top.
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blood cells
plasma
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Which test is the separation of blood into two phases?
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Hematocrit (Hct)
Packed Cell Volume
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What test determines the blood cell percentage in a blood sample?
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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A blood sample is normally composed of ___% blood cells and ___% plasma.
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45
55
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Of which blood cell is the hematocrit (Hct) blood cell component mainly composed?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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What is the small layer of cells between the plasma and the red blood cells (RBC) in a hematocrit (Hct)?
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Buffy Coat
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Which hematocrit (Hct) component consists of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets?
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Buffy Coat
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What is a hematocrit (Hct) generally interpreted by because the buffy coat is so thin?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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What is a person with a low hematocrit (Hct) [lower number of red blood cells (RBC) than normal] considered?
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Anemic
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What does any change in blood volume affect?
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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When a dehydrated patient has a diminished blood volume, the ratio of red blood cells (RBC) to blood volume (decreases/increases).
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increases
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Elevated hematocrit (Hct) represents not an increase in red blood cells (RBC), but a decrease in __ ___.
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blood volume
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What does expanded blood volume, as occurs in heart failure, decrease?
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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A lowered hematocrit (Hct) represents not a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), but an increase in ___ ___.
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blood volume
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Which anemia does expanded blood volume cause?
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Dilutional
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)
What is the blood cell formation process?
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Hemopoiesis
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In which tissue are red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets made?
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Hemopoietic
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What are the two hemopoietic tissue types in the adult?
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Red Bone Marrow
Lymphatic
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What is red bone marrow blood formation?
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Myeloid Hemopoiesis
Myeloid comes from the Greek word meaning “bone marrow.”
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What is lymphatic tissue blood formation?
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Lymphoid Hemopoiesis
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DELETE DUPLICATE
What is lymphatic tissue blood formation?
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DELETE DUPLICATE
Lymphatic Hemopoiesis
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What is found primarily in long bone end’s, such as the femur, and in flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and bones of the pelvis?
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Red Bone Marrow
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Where are all three blood cell types produced?
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Red Bone Marrow
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Which cell, in red bone barrow, produces all three blood cell types?
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Stem
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Which cell differentiates into a red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), or platelet under specific growth factor influences?
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Stem
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What two blood cells originate in bone marrow?
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Lymphocytes
Monocytes
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In which tissue do some lymphocytes mature and reproduce?
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Lymphatic
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What large blood cell breaks up into tiny cell fragments called platelets or thrombocytes?
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Megakaryocyte
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What is bone marrow depression?
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Myelosuppression
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What leads to a severe red blood cell (RBC) deficiency, causing a serious form of anemia called aplastic anemia?
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Myelosuppression
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What causes a white blood cell (WBC) (leukocyte) deficiency called leukopenia?
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Myelosuppression
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Which myelosupressive condition may cause a person to be more prone to infection and to die from a common cold?
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Leukopenia
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Which myelosuppresive condition leads to inadequate platelet production numbers?
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Thrombocytopenia
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Which myelosupressive condition may cause risk for bleeding or hemorrhage?
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Thrombocytopenia
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What do many drugs, especially cytotoxic cancer drugs, radiation, and a variety of diseases cause?
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Myelosuppression
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What is hyperactive bone marrow or overactivity and excess blood cell production?
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Polycythemia Vera
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What causes thickened blood (increased viscosity) that burdens the heart, overwhelms the clotting system, and produces a beet-red, ruddy face?
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Polycythemia Vera
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What are the most numerous blood cells at 4.5 - 6.0 million in 1 μL (microliter) of blood and a production rate of several million per second?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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What is red blood cell (RBC) production?
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Erythropoiesis
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Which blood cells are primarily concerned with oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) transport?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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Into which cells do stem cells within red bone marrow differentiate?
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Proerythroblast
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Into which cell does a proerythroblast eventually mature?
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Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Erythrocyte
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What is an immature red blood cell (RBC)?
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Reticulocyte
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What develops into mature red blood cells (RBC) within 48 hours of release into the blood?
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Reticulocytes
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Which blood cell count is normally very small (0.5% to 1.5%)?
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Reticulocyte
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Which red blood cell (RBC) may indicate blood loss or an iron-deficient state when high in numbers?
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Reticulocyte
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What might a low reticulocyte count indicate?
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Myelosuppression
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Which blood cells are so large that they are unable to wiggle through blood vessel walls?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocyte
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Which blood cells stay in blood vessels and do not roam around tissue spaces?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes
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Which blood cells are flexible, disc-shaped cells that have a thick outer rim and a thin center?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes
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What do red blood cells (RBC) do to squeeze through tiny blood vessels called capillaries?
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Bend
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Which blood cell is flexible, allowing oxygen (O2) delivery to every cell in the body?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes
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What disease includes decreased oxygenation and cell death?
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Sickle Cell
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In which disease do red blood cells (RBC) assume a C shape instead of bending, blocking blood flow through tiny blood vessels?
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Sickle Cell
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EDIT PICTURE
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Edit picture
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What refers to unequal-sized red blood cells (RBC)?
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Anisocytosis
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What refers to irregularly shaped red blood cells (RBC)?
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Poikilocytosis
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What two red blood cell (RBC) shapes are found in anemia and other blood disorders?
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Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis
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What refers to a cell that is smaller than normal, like in iron deficiency anemia?
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Microcytic
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What refers to a cell that is larger than normal like in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?
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Macrocytic
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Which term describes a pale coloured red blood (RBC)?
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Hypochromic
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What refers to a normal coloured red blood cell (RBC)?
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Normochromic
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What refers to a red blood cell (RBC) that is deeper in red?
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Hyperchromic
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Which blood cell normally loses almost all its organelles as it matures?
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Red Blood Cell (RBC)
Erythrocyte
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What term describes how a red blood cell (RBC) produces adensoine triphosphate (ATP) without a mitochondira?
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Anaerobic
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What term describes the phenomenon where red blood cells (RBC) do not use (metabilize) the oxygen (O2) they are transporting throughout the body?
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Anaerobic
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What do red blood cells (RBC) lack, in addition to DNA, that prevents them from replicating?
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Nucleus
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Which blood cells are not replicated and instead replaced by new cells when removed from the blood?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes
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What large protein molecule fills red blood cells (RBC)?
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Hemoglobin
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What are the two hemoglobin parts?
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Globin
Heme
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What substance is globin?
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Protein
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What substance does heme contain?
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Iron
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Hemoglobin contains four ___ chains, each having a ___ group.
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globin
heme
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What molecule is responsible for red blood cell (RBC) function?
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Hemoglobin
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As red blood cells (RBC) circulate through the lung’s blood vessels, ___ attaches loosely to the ___ atom in ___.
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O2
iron
heme
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What is oxygenated hemoglobin?
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Oxyhemoglobin
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As blood flows to various body tissues, ___ detaches from hemoglobin.
The unloaded ___ diffuses from blood to the cells, where it is used during cellular metabolism.
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oxygen (O2) x 2
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Which hemoglobin portion transports some of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from its production site in metabolizing cells to the lungs, where it is excreted?
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Globin
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What is the CO2-hemoglobin complex?
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Carbaminohemoglobin
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What molecule plays a role in gas transport?
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Hemoglobin
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)
What colour is blood when hemoglobin is oxygenated?
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Red
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What is colour is blood when hemoglobin is unoxygenated?
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Blue
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What colour is blood coming from the lungs?
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Red
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What colour is blood leaving the tissues?
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Blue
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What condition includes blue looking skin from oxygen (O2) deprivation?
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Cyanosis
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What condition includes cyanosis as a sign?
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Hypoxemia
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What is an oxygen (O2) blood deficiency?
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Hypoxemia
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What does the body require, in addition to correct genetic coding for protein synthesis and healthy bone marrow, to make adequate hemoglobin amounts?
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Raw Materials
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What are the three essential raw materials?
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Iron
B12
Folic Acid
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What refers to a deficiency of any raw materials?
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Anemia
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What condition results in inadequate hemoglobin synthesis from an iron deficient diet?
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Iron Deficient Anemia
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Red blood cell (RBC) count is maintained through ___ ___ ___ between the amount of oxygen (O2) in the blood and a hormone called ___.
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negative feedback control
erythropoietin
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What is secreted when the kidneys sense the need for additional oxygen (O2) from decreased body tissue oxygen (O2)?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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What stimulates bone marrow to produce additional red blood cells (RBC)?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)
Which cells increase oxygen (O2) tissue transport when increased?
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Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Erythropoietin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)
What diminishes as oxygen (O2) increases in tissues, slowing the red blood cell (RBC) production rate in bone marrow?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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Note what happens in a person who is chronically hypoxemic, such as a person with emphysema (a chronic lung disorder).
Low oxygen (O2) in the blood stimulates the secretion of excess ___ (__), causing additional red blood cell (RBC) production.
Thus, a person with emphysema often has ___ ___ [excess red blood cells (RBC)] secondary to chronic lung disease.
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erythropoietin (EPO)
polycythemia vera
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What increases red blood cell (RBC) production, thereby increasing the amount of oxygen (O2) delivered to exercising muscle, enhancing athletic performance?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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Which condition exists in declining kidney function where adequate erythropoietin (EPO) amounts are not produced?
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Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure Anemia
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(Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)
What is a red blood cell’s (RBC) lifespan?
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120 Days
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Which white blood cells line the speen and liver?
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Macrophages
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Which white blood cells detect worn red blood cell (RBC) membranes that need replacement?
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Macrophages
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Macrophages, or “big eaters,” remove red blood cells (RBC) from the circulation and ___ them.
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phagocytose
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As old, worn-out red blood cells (RBC) are dismantled, their components are recycled or excreted.
Hemoglobin is broken down into globin and heme.
Globin is broken down into various ___ ___ that are later used in the synthesis of other proteins.
Heme is further broken down into ___ and ___ pigments.
___ is stored in the ___ until it is needed by the bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin.
The ___ removes ___ pigments, especially ___, from the blood and excretes them into the ___.
___ eventually flows into the intestines and is excreted from the body in the feces.
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amino acids
iron, bile
Iron, liver
liver, bile, bilirubin, bile
Bile
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What is excessive red blood cell (RBC) breakdown?
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Hemolysis
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Excess bilirubin in the blood, called ___, is deposited in the skin, causing it to appear yellow or jaundiced.
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hyperbilirubinemia
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What causes jaundice?
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Hemolysis
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Red Blood Cell Breakdown
Which large, round blood cells contain nuclei?
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
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White blood cells (WBC) lack ___ and are less numerous than red blood cells (RBC).
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hemoglobin
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Which blood cells protect the body by destroying pathogens and removing dead tissue and other cellular debris by phagocytosis?
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White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
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Which blood cells increase when an infection is present in the body?
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White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukocytes
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What refers to a white blood cell increase?
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Leukocytosis
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What refers to a white blood cell decrease, caused by few infections?
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Leukopenia
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Leukocytes vary widely with respect to life span: ___ may live only a few hours, whereas some ___ may live for years.
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granulocytes
lymphocytes
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Normally, 1 μL of blood contains 5000 to 10,000 white blood cells (WBC).
This number is somewhat misleading because white blood cells (WBC) spend less than ___ hours in blood; they leave the blood vessels and migrate to connective tissue or to infection or inflammation sites, where they work and live out their lives.
Thus, the number of white blood cells (WBC) distributed throughout the body is much larger than what is suggested by the white blood cell (WBC) count in the blood.
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12
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What is white blood cell (WBC) production?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)
Leukopoiesis
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Which blood cells have a different name, appearance, and function?
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White Blood Cells (WBC)
Leukocytes
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White blood cells (WBC) are classified according to granules in their ___.
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cytoplasm
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What are white blood cells that contain granules?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)
Granulocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What are white blood cells (WBC) with no granules in their cytoplasm?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Agranulocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which white blood cells (WBC), produced in red bone marrow, are further classified according to staining characteristics?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Granulocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What are the three granulocytes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What is the most common granulocyte?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophils (which are pale or stain lavender) account for __% to ___% of the total white blood cell (WBC) population and usually remain in the blood for about ___ to ___ hours.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
55
70
10
12
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
The neutrophil’s most important role is ___ and the release of ___ chemicals.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
phagocytosis
antimicrobial
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which white blood cells quickly move to infection sites, where they phagocytose pathogens and remove tissue debris?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
The battle between neutrophils and pathogens at infection sites creates ___ - a collection of dead neutrophils, cell parts, and fluid.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
pus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What does the body sometimes form when walling off pus collection from surrounding tissue?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Abscess
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What forms to prevent the spread of infection?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Abscess
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophils plays such an important defense role in the body that a deficiency of neutrophils (___ or ___) is considered life threatening.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
neutropenia
granulocytopenia
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which round cell contains a nucleus that can have many shapes and different sizes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What are called polymorphs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), or polys because of the many-shaped (polymorphic) nucleuses?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Neutrophils
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What appears segmented in the mature neutrophil under a microscope?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Nucleus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What are mature neutrophils?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Segs
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
The nucleus of an immature neutrophil looks like a thick curved ___—hence, the name ___ cells.
Because the ___ resembles the shape of a ___, the ___ cells are also called ___ cells.
Neutrophils are also called ___ cells.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
band x 2
band, staff, band, staff
stab
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which granulocytes are normally present in small numbers, making up less than 1% of white blood cells (WBC) and absorbing a dark blue stain?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Basophils
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which granulocyte plays a role in the inflammatory response, primarily through its histamine release?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Basophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which granulocyte releases heparin, an anticoagulant?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Basophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
___ are found in abundance in areas with large amounts of blood, such as the lungs and liver, and so, the release of ___ is thought to reduce the formation of tiny blood clots and white blood cells (WBC) movement throughout the injured tissue.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Basophils
heparin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which granulocyte’s prefix means “rosy”, referring to its staining characteristic?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Eosinophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Eosinophils are present in small numbers, constituting only ___% to ___% of the white blood cells (WBC).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
1
3
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which granulocytes are involved in the inflammatory response, secreting chemicals that weaken and destroy large parasites (i.e., tapeworm, hookworm), engage in phagocytosis, and become elevated in persons with allergies?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Eosinophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
What are the two agranulocytes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which agranulocytes, produced in red bone marrow, sometimes migrate and then mature and reproduce in lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lymphatic nodules)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Lymphocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which agranulocyte constitutes 25% to 38% of white blood cells (WBC) and performs an important role in the body’s immune response?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Lymphocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
___ leave the blood for tissues, where they differentiate into large cells, called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Monocytes
macrophages
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Which agranulocytes are efficient phagocytes; as the name indicates, “big eaters”?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Macrophages
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
During which process does a macrophage chop up an engulfed foreign particle and push a piece onto its surface?
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 295, 296)
Antigen Presentation
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 295, 296)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)
Naming White Blood Cells
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What are tiny cell fragments of the larger megakaryocytes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Platelets
Thrombocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Normally, each microliter of blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000 ___ or ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
platelets
thrombocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Platelets, produced in red bone marrow, have a life span of ___ to ___ days?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
5
9
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What is platelet production?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Thrombopoiesis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Which cells prevent blood loss?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Platelets
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What is a deficiency caused by the failure of bone marrow to replace platelets at an adequate rate?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Thrombocytopenia
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What is characterized by petechiae—little pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin—and potentially lethal bleeding episodes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Thrombocytopenia
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Differentiation of a Stem Cell into Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and Platelets.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)
Blood Cells Types and Function
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)
Which laboratory test provides information about blood composition?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Which test provides the normal ranges (numbers) of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What test provides information for each specific blood cell?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Relative to red blood cells (RBC), the complete blood count (CBC) indicates the normal ___ content, hematocrit (Hct), and ___ percentages.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
hemoglobin
reticulocyte
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Which test indicates each white blood cell (WBC) percentage - the differential white blood cell (WBC) count?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
What is the process that stops bleeding?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)
Hemostasis
Blood (Hemo) stands still (stasis).
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 296, 297)
What are the three events in hemostasis?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug
Blood Clot
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which process includes smooth muscle contraction in an injured blood vessel wall?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Vascular Spasm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which process causes blood vessel diameter to decrease, thereby decreasing the blood amount that flows through the vessel?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Vascular Spasm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which process stops bleeding completely in the smallest vessels?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Vascular Spasm
Which process may slow bleeding but is generally insufficient to stop larger vessel bleeding?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Vascular Spasm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which cell is activated by inner vessel lining when torn?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Platelets
Thrombocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which cells become sticky, adhering to inner vessel lining and each other when a vessel is injured?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Platelets
Thrombocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
What is formed by platelets and inner vessel lining sticking together?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Platelet Plug
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
What is formed to diminish bleeding at an injury site?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Platelet Plug
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Over several minutes, a plug will be invaded by activated ___-___ ___ and will eventually evolve into a stable, strong __ __.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
blood-clotting factors
blood clot
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
In addition to forming a plug, platelets release chemicals that further stimulate __ ___ and help activate the ___-___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
vascular spasm
blood-clotting factors
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Which cell participates in all three hemostasis phases?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Platelets
Thrombocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)
Edit Card Placement Steps in Hemostasis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Edit Card Placement
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Which event stops bleeding in serious vessel wall injuries?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Blood-Clot
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Which event is a chemical reaction series that results in a netlike structure formation?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Blood Clot
Coagulation
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
A clot’s framework is composed of protein fibers called ___, an entangled mass of fine threads.
As blood flows through the ___ net, large particles in the blood, such as red blood cells (RBC) and platelets, become trapped within it.
The ___ net and the trapped elements are called a blood clot.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
fibrin x 3
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
What seals off openings in injured blood vessels to stop bleeding?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Blood Clot
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
What is the reaction series in which one clotting factor activates another clotting factor?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Clotting Cascade
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Stage I:
A blood vessel wall injury activates various ___ ___.
These ___ ___ normally circulate in blood in an inactive form.
When activated, the ___ ___ produce ___ ___ (___).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
clotting factors x 3
prothrombin activator (PTA)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Stage II:
In the presence of ___, platelet chemicals, and prothrombin activator (PTA), prothrombin is activated to form ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
calcium
thrombin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Stage III:
Thrombin activates ___.
Activated ___ forms the fibrin fibers or fibrin net.
The net traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot.
Other factors then stabilize and strengthen the clot.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
fibrinogen x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Blood Clotting’s Three Stage
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Which pathway is activated when factor XII is
exposed to collagen inside damaged blood vessels?
(Blood, slide 19)
Intrinsic
(Blood slide 19)
Which pathway is activated by tissue trauma,
when thromboplastin within a blood vessel is released and activates factor VII and X?
(Blood, slide 19)
Extrinsic
(Blood, slide 19)
Which process includes a clot becoming smaller when water is squeezed out after formation?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Clot Retraction
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Which process occurs as injured blood vessel edges are pulled together to slow bleeding and set the stage for repair?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Clot Retraction
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)
Which process occurs after a clot accomplishes its task?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Fibrinolysis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which process dissolves a clot?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Fibrinolysis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What gradually dissolves a clot?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Plasmin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What is the inactive plasmin form that normally circulates within blood?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Plasminogen
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What is formed by injured tissue and activates plasminogen?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Three important blood clot prevention mechanisms are a smooth inner blood vessel lining (___), ___ (an anticoagulant) secretion, and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
endothelium
heparin
exercise
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Inner blood vessel lining (___) is smooth and shiny, allowing blood to flow easily along its surface.
If its surface becomes roughened or lined with cholesterol plaques, however, coagulation factors are activated, and blood clots are apt to form.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
endothelium
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What is the anticoagulant secreted by mast cells?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Heparin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which cells are related to basophils and are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs—sites where blood is stagnant and, therefore, apt to clot easily?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Mast
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What action decreases platelet stickiness and platelet activation of the clotting cascade?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Exercise
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What describes the massaging effect of contracting leg muscles, preventing blood stagnation in deep leg veins (where blood clots tend to form) and improved blood flow that, in turn, prevents accumulation of activated clotting factors, such as thrombin?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Exercise
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which drug group dissolves formed clots?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Fibrinolytic Agents
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Fibrinolysis (“Clot Busting”)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
What is a blood clot called?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Thrombus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What is the blood clot formation process?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Thrombosis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What refers to a thrombus piece that breaks off, forming a traveling blood clot?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Embolus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
What may lodge in other organ’s smaller blood vessels, blocking organ blood flow and resulting in organ damage, such as a pulmonary infarct (necrosis), heart attack, or brain attack (stroke)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Embolus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
A common killer disorder, called ___ ___ ___ (___), is particularly lethal.
A clot in the deep leg veins gives rise to an embolus.
The embolus travels to the lung’s blood vessels where it blocks blood flow and often causes sudden death.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which two anticoagulants may prevent thrombosis?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Heparin
Warfarin (Coumadin)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which anticoagulant acts as an antithrombin agent?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Heparin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Which anticoagulant interferes with the clotting scheme by decreasing the liver’s (hepatic) vitamin K utilization in prothrombin systhesis, causing hypoprothrombinemia, a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Coumadin (Warfarin)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)
Less prothrombin means less ___, and less ___ means that blood clotting is diminished.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 299, 300)
thrombin x 2
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 299, 300)
What agents are commonly called “blood thinners” but do not dilute blood as they just make blood less likely to clot?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
Anticoagulants
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
Another drugs category, called clot busters or ___ agents, dissolves potentially lethal clots.
Plasminogen activators dissolve clots.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
fibrinolytic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
Clot busters, such as ___ ___ ___ (___), have revolutionized the treatment of myocardial infarction (heart attacks caused by blood clots in the heart’s blood vessels) and brain attacks (blood clots in the brain’s blood vessels).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)
What is classified according to specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBC)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Blood
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Antigen
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What immune response is triggered by an antigen as a foreign substance?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Antibody
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What is a response designed to attack and destroy antigens?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Antibody
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What four blood types does the ABO grouping contain?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
AB
O
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What two letters refer to an antigen on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type A blood has an ___ antigen on the red blood cell (RBC).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type B blood has a ___ antigen on the red blood cell (RBC).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type AB blood has both ___ and ___ antigens on the red blood cell (RBC).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type O blood has neither ___ nor ___ antigens on the red blood cell (RBC).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
On which membrane is an antigen located?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Red Blood Cell
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Where are antibodies found?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Plasma
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type A blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type B blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type AB blood has neither anti-___ nor anti-__ antibodies in the plasma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A person with type O blood has both anti-___ and anti-___ antibodies in the plasma.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Type A blood contains the ___ antigen and anti-___ antibodies.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What would occur if A antigens were on red blood cells (RBC) and anti-A antibodies were in plasma?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Agglutination
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What is a blood clumping reaction much like the curdling seen when milk and vinegar are mixed?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Agglutination
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What reaction causes red blood cells (RBC) to burst or lyse in a process called hemolysis?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Agglutination
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What molecule would be liberated from red blood cells (RBC) if rapid hemolysis were to occur in circulation, causing kidney failure and death?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Hemoglobin
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
What refers to the mixing of donor blood with a recipient blood sample to find compatibility (agglutination absence) after determining blood type?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Cross-Matching
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Suppose a blood transfusion recipient has type A blood.
The recipient can be given type ___ blood and type ___ blood.
No antigen–antibody reaction (agglutination) would occur because type ___ donor blood has the ___ antigen and the recipient has only anti-___ antibodies (plasma).
The type ___ donor blood does not cause agglutination because the red blood cells (RBC) have neither ___ nor ___ antigens.
Therefore, type ___ and type ___ blood are compatible with type A blood.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A
O
A X 2
B
O
A
B
A
O
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Suppose a type A recipient receives type B blood.
Type B donor blood has the ___ antigen on each red blood cell (RBC) surface.
The plasma antibodies of the recipient are anti-___ antibodies.
The ___ antigen and the anti-___ antibodies cause agglutination; thus, type B blood is incompatible with type A blood.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
B x 4
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Suppose a type A recipient is given type AB blood.
In this case, the red blood cell (RBC) contains both ___ and ___ antigens.
The plasma of the recipient contains anti-___ antibodies.
When types A and AB are mixed, an agglutination reaction occurs; these blood groups are incompatible.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
A, B
B
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)
Which blood type can be given to all four blood groups?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
O
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Which blood type is the universal donor?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
O
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Which blood type can receive all four blood types?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
AB
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
AB
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Type ___ blood occurs in 40% of the population, 10% of the population has type ___, 4% has type ___, and 46% has type ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
A
B
AB
O
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
ABO Blood Types and Compatibility
By which factor is blood classified?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Rh
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
What is an antigen that is located on a red blood cell (RBC) membrane?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Rh Factor
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
What is blood said to be if a red blood cell (RBC) contains the Rh factor?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Postive
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
What is blood said to be if a red blood cell (RBC) does not contain the Rh factor?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Negative
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
___ blood refers to type A (A antigen) blood that also has the Rh factor; whereas, ___ blood is type A blood that does not have the Rh factor.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
A+
A-
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Which Rh factor does 85% of the population have?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Positive
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
What does not naturally carry anti-Rh antibodies?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
Plasma
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
If Rh-positive (+) blood from a donor is administered to an Rh-negative (−) person (the recipient), the Rh antigen of the donor stimulates the recipient to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
The recipient is now said to be “___”.
If the Rh-negative (−) person is later given a second transfusion of Rh-positive (+) blood, the anti-Rh antibodies in the plasma of the recipient will attack the Rh antigen of the Rh-positive (+) donor blood, causing ___ and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
sensitized
agglutination, hemolysis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)
The Rh factor may cause a serious problem in a Rh-negative (−) pregnant mother who is carrying a Rh-positive (+) fetus.
During this first pregnancy, the fetus grows to term and is delivered uneventfully.
During late pregnancy or childbirth, however, some of the fetus’ Rh-positive (+) blood crosses the placenta and enters the mother’s blood.
The Rh antigen stimulates the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
In other words, the mother has become ___ during her first pregnancy.
If the mother becomes pregnant for a second time with an Rh-positive (+) fetus, the anti-Rh antibodies move from the mother’s circulation into the fetus’ circulation.
These anti-Rh antibodies attack the fetus’ red blood cells (RBC), causing agglutination and hemolysis.
In response, the fetus becomes jaundiced and ___ as the red blood cells (RBC) undergo hemolysis.
This hemolytic condition is called ___ ___.
The hemolysis causes a rapid rise in plasma levels of bilirubin.
The hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood), in turn, causes severe jaundice and a condition called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 302, 303)
sensitized
anemic
erythroblastosis fetalis
kernicterus
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 302, 303)
What is a preventable condition caused by the staining of a part of the brain with bilirubin and characterized by impaired mental development?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
Kernicterus
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
What condition can be prevented by the administration of RhoGAM?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
What is administered to a Rh-negative (−) mother during pregnancy and within 72 hours after delivery?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
RhoGAM
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
What drug surrounds, or coats, fetal Rh-positive (+) antigens, thereby preventing them from stimulating the development of anti-Rh antibodies by the mother?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
RhoGAM
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
What is a condition that refers to all antigen–antibody reactions that cause hemolysis and jaundice, including the Rh factor?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)
