Water + ATP Flashcards
Structure of water molecule
- dipole = has both + and - charge of H + O
- hydrogen bonding = form between positive pole of one H2O and negative pole of another = gives unusual properties
Properties of water molecule
- high b.p = SHC
- SLH of vaporisation
- cohesion
- surface tension
What does SHC do on water molecules ?
- high b. p = need lots of energy to break
- high SHC = help regulates the rate of temp changes, can act as buffer for animals to have sudden temp change to maintain constant body temp. And a stable aquatic environment
What is SLH in water ?
- requires lots of energy to evaporate 1g of water
- when cooling down, body heat is used to evaporate water inside mammals
What is cohesion ?
The tendency of molecules to stick together
What does cohesion do in water ?
- water molecules can stick together = allow to be pulled up tubes of vessels e.g. xylem but not in droplets
- it is a passive process
How does surface tension work in water ?
- the attraction of molecules below pull surface molecules inwards, compressing them = SO can act like a skin on the surface to support small organisms
Functions of water (6)
- metabolism
- as a solvent
- allow control on body temperature on animals
- supportive
- allow light rays to pass to reach retina
- aquatic plants can photosynthesise
What does water do as a solvent ?
dissolves - gas
- wastes
- inorganic ions + small hydrophilic molecules
- enzymes for reaction to take place
How does water use in metabolism?
- hydrolysis reac. = break down large molecules
- produced in condensation reac.
- allow chemical reac.Takes place in aqueous condition
- used for photosynthesis
Why is water supportive ?
- not easily compressed and due to surface tension
Structure of ATP
- made up of adenine, three phosphates, ribose sugar
- a nucleotide
Why is ATP an immediate source of energy ？
- bonds between phosphates are unstable = easily broken to release energy
Relationship of ATP and ADP
Hydrolysis ATP = convert to ADP, catalyse by ADP hydrolyse
Condensation requires to convert ADP and adding one Pi back to ATP, catalyse by ATP synthase
3 types of phosphorylation
- photo phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation
- substrate level phosphorylation
Photo phosphorylation
- uses light energy during photosynthesis to convert ADP to ATP in chloroplast of plant cell
Oxidative phosphorylation
- happens during respiration= taking in oxygen
- uses oxygen to generate ATP in mitochondria , from ADP to ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
- when phosphate group is donate from one substrate to another substrate
- a process during glycolysis to generate ATP where a P group is donated from glucose to ADP to make ATP
Functions of ATP
- metabolic processes
- movements - muscle contraction
- active transport - enables molecules to move against concentration gradient
- secretion
- respiration
- activation of molecules - lower AE in enzyme catalysed reac.
Compare ATP and glucose
- ATP release energy in small manageable amount - no waste heat energy
- ATP is Small and soluble
- ATP enables phosphorylation, glucose cannot
- ATP can’t leave cell, glucose can
- ATP cannot be stored, glucose can = t/f used for immediate energy but not long lasting as glucose
Equation of ATP
ATP + H20 -) ADP + Pi + E
How does water being transparent benefit to life ?
Aquatic plants under depth of water can photosynthesise
How does a lot of heat needed to be removed before freezing benefit to life ? SLH
Cells content and water in aquatic environment are slow to freeze in cold weather
How does ice density lower than liquid water benefit life ?
Ice forms on surface of water so insulates out water below, allow aquatic organisms to survive without freezing
