Animal and plant cell

Question 1

Nucleus structure and functions

Answer 1

• Contains hereditary materials, keep them in the form of DNA and chromosomes
• controls centre of the cell through production of m,tRNA and protein synthesis
• produce ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

Question 2

Nucleolus function

Answer 2

A spherical region in the centre of nucleus. It produce ribosomal RNA and ribosomes

Question 3

Nuclear envelope function

Answer 3

The inner membrane. Controls materials goes in and out of the nucleus

Question 4

Nucleoplasm function

Answer 4

A granular, jelly like material that make up the bulk of nucleus

Question 5

Nuclear pores function

Answer 5

Allow large molecules like RNA to pass through it to the outside of the nucleus

Question 6

Chromatin

Answer 6

A protein bound, linear DNA

Question 7

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 7

Made up of stack of membranes that create the cisterne and vesicles that used for transport of materials

Question 8

GA function

Answer 8

-help process and package proteins and lipids to be exported out the cell
- add carbohydrates to protein become glycoproteins
- secrete carbohydrate
- produce secretory enzymes
- form lysosome
- transport modify store lipids

Question 9

Matrix structure + function

Answer 9

Contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA . Allows mitochondria to have control of its own proteins for aerobic respiration

Question 10

Cristea structure + function

Answer 10

Extension of inner membrane. Provide large SA for attachment of enzymes and protein In respiration

Question 11

Mitochondria function

Answer 11

Site of aerobic respiration, produce ATP like glucose. Found in large numbers and very active which needs a lot of energy

Question 12

GA process proteins

Answer 12

1) proteins and lipids produced by ER passed to GA through strict sequence
2) GA modified it by adding non protein element
3) label each to be correctly stored or export out the cell
4) being send to Golgi vesicle to be transported out

Question 13

Lysosome structure - lysozymes

Answer 13

Is a type of Golgi vesicles, with no internal structure. Contains lysozymes that can digest invading cells and hydrolyse worn out components. It is kept separated from cytoplasm from lysosomes membrane

Question 14

Lysosomes function

Answer 14

• hydrolyse materials ingested by phagocytic cells
• digest worn out organelles so useful elements can be used
• autolysis, break down dead cells
• release lysozymes which can destroy materials outside the cell

Question 15

Ribosomes structure

Answer 15

Found in cytoplasm and RER
Made of large and small subunits that contain ribosomal RNA and protein
80s found In eukaryotic cells
70s found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 16

Ribosomes function

Answer 16

Protein synthesis

Question 17

RER structure

Answer 17

A 3D system of membranes, enclosed a fluid filled space with flattened sacs, cisternae

Question 18

RER function

Answer 18

Give a large SA to fold and process proteins made in ribosomes
Provide a pathway for transport materials
Link with nuclear outer membrane

Question 19

SER functions

Answer 19

Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

Question 20

chloroplast structure + function

Answer 20

• vary in size and shapes. usually in disc shaped
• harvesting sunlight, carry out photosynthesis to make glucose / starch
• contains DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce proteins needed for photosynthesis

Question 21

chloroplasts envelope function

Answer 21

• double plasma membrane surrounds the organelles
• controls what goes in and out of the chloroplast

Question 22

Grana structure and function

Answer 22

• involved a stacks (100) of thylakoids- thylakoids contain chlorophyll
• where the first stage of photosynthesis takes place- light absorption

Question 23

stroma structure and function

Answer 23

• fluid filled matrix, second stage of photosynthesis takes place- synthesis of sugars
• contains other structures e.g. starch grains
• fluid of stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugar in sugar synthesis

Question 24

intergranal lamellae

Answer 24

• differentiated from thylakoid membranes
• arranged in helical pattern around each granum
• connect with grana

Question 25

Granal membrane

Answer 25

• they make up grana
• provides a large SA for attachment of chlorophylls, electrons carriers and enzymes that carry out light absorption (1st)
• these chemicals are attached to the membrane in highly ordered.

Question 26

Cell wall structure

Answer 26

• consist of microfibrils of cellulose, embedded in a matrix
• the middle lamella marks a boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells

Question 27

Cell wall function

Answer 27

• provide a mechanical strength to prevent cell burst under pressure created by the osmotic gain of water
• give a strength to plant as a whole
• allow water to pass along it, contribute to movement of water through the plant

Question 28

Cell wall function

Answer 28

• provide a mechanical strength to prevent cell burst under pressure created by the osmotic gain of water
• give a strength to plant as a whole
• allow water to pass along it, contribute to movement of water through the plant

Question 29

Cell wall of algae

Answer 29

Made of cellulose, glycoproteins or both

Question 30

Cell wall of fungi

Answer 30

• don’t contain cellulose
• made up of mixture of chitin(nitrogen containing polysaccharide) and glycan and glycoproteins

Question 31

Vacuole structures

Answer 31

• a fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane called tonoplasts
• contains mineral salts, sugar, amino acids, wastes and sometimes pigments like anthocyanin

Question 32

Vacuole function

Answer 32

• support herbaceous plants and herbaceous parts of woody plants by making the cell turgid
• sugars and amino acids may act as temporary food store
• pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

Question 33

E.g. why push down hard on the cover slip but do not cover slip sideways ?

Answer 33

• push hard - SO spread and squash tissue
• don’t push sideways - SO avoid breaking chromosomes / rolling cells together