Genetic And Bio Diversity

Question 1

Define gene flow

Answer 1

• when different alleles being introduced into a population when individuals from another population migrate into them and reproduce

Question 2

What is genetic bottleneck?

Answer 2

Is an event that cause big reduction in population
- reduces different alleles in the gene pool which reduce genetic diversity

Question 3

What is the founder effect ?

Answer 3

• is a type of genetic bottleneck
• which a few organisms from a population form a new colony and there are only small number of different alleles in the gene pool
• frequency of alleles in the gene pool will be different, a rare allele will be more common when the gene pool reduces, higher incidence of genetic disorders

Question 4

Types of adaptations

Answer 4

• anatomical
• behavioural
• physiological

Question 5

Define behavioural adoptions

Answer 5

Ways of an organism acts that increase chance of survival and reproduction
E.g. play dead when threatened by predators

Question 6

Define physiological adaptations

Answer 6

• processes inside organisms body that increase chance of survival
  E.g. hibernate to reduce rate of metabolism in winter to conserve energy

Question 7

Define anatomical adaptations

Answer 7

• structural features of organisms body that increases chance of survival
  E.g. thick layer of fat to help keep warm

Question 8

Define directional selection

Answer 8

• where individuals with alleles for extreme characteristics more likely to survive and reproduce
• could due to environmental changes
  E.g. antibiotics resistant bacteria

Question 9

Define stabilising selection

Answer 9

• where individuals with alleles for characteristics towards the middle of the range more likely to survive
• occurs when environment is not changing, reduces range of possible characteristics

Question 10

Define the term species (2)

Answer 10

M1 group of similar organisms with same genes / chromosomes ,
M2 that can reproduce fertile offspring

Question 11

What is artificial classification ?

Answer 11

• focuses on physical similarities between different species
• these are analogous (similar) features

Question 12

What is phylogenetic classification ?

Answer 12

• focuses on homologous characteristics
• based on evolutionary relationships

Question 13

8 levels of classification

Answer 13

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
3 domain : archaea, eukarya, bacteria

Question 14

Four kingdoms of eukarya

Answer 14

• fungi
• plantae
• animalia
• Protista

Question 15

Features of fungi

Answer 15

• have chitin cell wall
• are heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms
• reproduction via spores

Question 16

Features of plantae kingdom

Answer 16

• they make own food
• have cellulose cell wall
• are autotrophic multicellular organisms

Question 17

Features of animalia kingdom

Answer 17

• they cannot make their own food
• they have nervous and muscular system
• they are motile, move around

Question 18

Features of Protista kingdom

Answer 18

• they do not fit into other kingdoms
• don’t have much in common

Question 19

Purpose of courtship behaviour

Answer 19

• to help find mates that is in the same species and fertile, receptive to mating = = allow synchronisation of mating when maximum probability of sperm and egg meet
• allow pair bonding = successful mating and raise offspring
• become able to breed = bring opposite sex member into physiological state that can breed

Question 20

Why do we study courtship ?

Answer 20

• to find common ancestor by looking at have similar courtship behaviours

Question 21

Define species diversity

Answer 21

• the number of different species and individuals within a community

Question 22

Define species richness

Answer 22

• is a measure of no. Of different species in a particular area at a particular time

Question 23

Define the term biodiversity

Answer 23

• number ad variety of living organisms in an area

Question 24

How to calculate index of diversity ?

Answer 24

D = N(N-1)/sum of n(n-1)

Question 25

Impact of agriculture on biodiversity

Answer 25

- agriculture reduces species diversity 1) less species = less variety of biomass 2) reduce gene pool of alleles - crops sprayed with pesticides and fertiliser = destroy habitats - only grow desirable species = alleles variety reduce = harder to withstand environmental changes = extinction

Question 26

Direct and Indirect removal of habitats

Answer 26

D : - removal of hedgerows - creating monocultures - filling ponds - overgrazing ID : - pesticides + fertilisers - absence of crop rotation - lack of intercropping

Question 27

Conservation techniques

Answer 27

- create A shape hedgerows - maintain or create ponds - reduce use of pesticides and use organic fertiliser - encourage crop rotation = EU provide financial incentives to help with farmers using those techniques to maintain biodiversity

Question 28

How do the phylogenetic classification shows a hierarchy of species ?

Answer 28

- a large group contains smaller groups - Without overlapping within groups

Question 29

Define founder effect

Answer 29

- when a small group of individuals splits off form larger population and build a new colony/ population

Question 30

Impact of founder effect

Answer 30

- reduce genetic diversity, as smaller range of alleles in a population - increase frequency of rare alleles - increase risk of genetic disease = reduce gene pool