Water and the Fitness of the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

is the biological medium on Earth

A

Water

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2
Q

All living organisms require this more than
any other substance

A

water

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3
Q

Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells
themselves are about how many percetage of water?

A

70–95% water

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4
Q

The abundance of water is the main reason the
Earth is

A

habitable

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5
Q

The water molecule is what kind of molecule?

A

polar molecule

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6
Q

it is when the
opposite ends have opposite charges

A

polar molecule

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7
Q

it allows water molecules to form
hydrogen bonds with each other

A

Polarity

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8
Q

5 what are the properties of water

A

High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Unique density behavior
High Surface Tension
An excellent solvent

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9
Q

the —– of a substance is the
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost
for 1 g of that substance to change its
temperature by 1oC

A

specific heat

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10
Q

what is the specific heat of water

A

1 cal/g/*C

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11
Q

Water resists changing its temperature
because of its

A

high specific heat

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12
Q

a measure of
temperature using Celsius degrees (°C)

A

Celsius scale

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13
Q

the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

A

calorie (cal)

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14
Q

The “calories” on food packages are actually

A

kilocalories (kcal)

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15
Q

where 1 kcal =

A

1,000 cal

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16
Q

is another unit of energy where
1 J = 0.239 cal, or 1 cal = 4.184 J

A

joule (J)

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17
Q

what is 1 cal into joules

A

4.184 J

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18
Q

is heat being absorbed or released when hydrogen bonds break?

A

Heat is absorbed

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19
Q

is heat being absrobed or released when hydrogen bonds form

A

Heat is released

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20
Q

what property of water minimizes
temperature fluctuations to within limits that
permit life

A

high specific heat of water

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21
Q

it is the energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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22
Q

it is a measure of the total amount of kinetic
energy due to molecular motion

A

Heat

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23
Q

it measures the intensity of heat
due to the average kinetic energy of molecules

A

Temperature

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24
Q

Water absorbs heat from warmer air and
releases stored heat to

A

cooler air

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25
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a
slight change in its own temperature
26
is transformation of a substance from liquid to gas
Evaporation
27
is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas
Heat of vaporization
28
As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called
evaporative cooling
29
this process helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water
Evaporative cooling of water
30
Collectively, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon
cohesion
31
helps the transport of water against gravity in plants
Cohesion
32
is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls
Adhesion
33
here, Hydrogen bonds are stable
ice
34
here, Hydrogen bonds break and re-form
Liquid water
35
is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Surface tension
36
is related to cohesion
Surface tension
37
is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
solution
38
is the dissolving agent of a solution
solvent
39
is the substance that is dissolved
solute
40
is one in which water is the solvent
aqueous solution
41
is a versatile solvent due to its polarity, which allows it to form hydrogen bonds easily
Water
42
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called
hydration shell
43
Water can also dissolve compounds made of what kind of polar molecules
nonionic polar molecules
44
what example of polar molecule can dissolve in water if they haev ionic and polar regions
proteins
45
substance is one that has an affinity for water
hydrophilic
46
substance is one that does not have an affinity for water
hydrophobic
47
what molecule is an example of hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds
Oil molecules
48
is a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
colloid
49
is the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule
Molecular mass
50
1 mole (mol) is equal to
6.02 x 1023 molecules
51
what is avogadros number
6.02 x 1023 daltons
52
what is the unit of avogadro's number
daltons
53
is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Molarity (M)
54
in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other:
hydrogen atom
55
it is when The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton, or
hydrogen ion (H+
56
it is when The molecule with the extra proton is now a -------- (H3O+), though it is often represented as H+
hydronium ion
57
it is a molecule that lost the proton is now a
hydroxide ion (OH–)
58
what state is a water in which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed
equilibrium
59
is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
acid
60
is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
base
61
the ---- of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration, written as pH = –log [H+]
pH of water
62
what is the constant of aqueous solution
[H+ ][OH–] = 10^–14
63
what is the constant For a neutral aqueous solution
[H+] is 10^–7 = –(–7) = 7
64
helps to describe whether a solution is acidic or basic (the opposite of acidic)
pH scale
65
have pH values less than 7
Acidic solutions
66
have pH values greater than 7
Basic solutions
67
have pH values in the range of 6 to 8
Most biological fluids
68
The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH
7
69
are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution
Buffers
70
refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6
Acid precipitation
71
is caused mainly by the mixing of different pollutants with water in the air and can fall at some distance from the source of pollutants
Acid precipitation
72
Acid precipitation can damage life in
lakes and streams
73
----- such as burning fossil fuels threaten water quality
Human activities
74
A warming of earth called the
“greenhouse” effect
75
this leads to a decrease in the ability of corals to form calcified reefs
Acidification of the oceans;
76
is released by fossil fuel combustion and contributes to the “greenhouse” effect and Acidification of the oceans
CO2
77
donate H+ in aqueous solutions
Acids
78
donate OH– or accept H+ in aqueous solutions
Bases