Water And Major Minerals Flashcards
What are the functions of water?
Functions of Water
–Carries nutrients and waste products
–Maintains the structure of large molecules
–Participates in metabolic reactions
–Solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose and others
–Lubricant and cushion around joints, inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in amniotic fluid during pregnancy
–Regulation of body temperature
–Maintains blood volume
What is the function of water?
•H2O
•The main role of water is to
–maintain an appropriate water balance to support vital functions.
•To maintain water homeostasis,
–intake from liquids, foods, and metabolism must equal losses from the kidneys, skin, lungs, and feces.
How is water balanced in the body?
Water Balance
–Intracellular fluid (inside the cells) makes up about two-thirds of the body’s water.
–Extracellular fluid (outside the cells) has two components—the interstitial fluid and plasma.
–Water Intake
•Thirst is a conscious desire to drink and is regulated by the mouth, brain, and nerves.
Water deficiency?
Water Deficiency •Dehydration –water output exceeds input due to an inadequate intake or excessive losses. •1-2% loss of body weight – thirst, fatigue, weakness, – loss of appetite •3-4% loss of body weight – impaired physical performance, dry mouth, –reduction in urine, flushed skin, –impatience, and apathy •5-6% loss of body weight –difficulty in concentrating, irritability, –sleepiness, –impaired temperature regulation, –increased respiratory rate •7-10% loss of body weight –dizziness, spastic muscles, –loss of balance, delirium, –exhaustion, and collapse
What is water toxicity?
Toxicity
–Water intoxication
•excessive water contents in all body fluid compartments.
•It is rare.
What are the three water sources?
Water Sources –Water intake is from 3 sources: •Liquids –water, other beverages •Solids –fruit, vegetables, meat, cheese •Byproduct of metabolism –CHO = CO2 & H2O
How is water intake represented?
–An intake of 1450 to 2800 milliliters of water is usually represented by:
•Liquids – 550 to 1500 mL
•Foods – 700 to 1000 mL
•Metabolic water – 200 to 300 mL
How do we lose water from the body?
•Water losses –Kidneys (urine output), –Skin (sweating) –Lungs (water vapor) –Intestines (feces) –Output -1450 to 2800 milliliters of water •Kidneys – 500 to 1400 mL •Skin – 450 to 900 mL •Lungs – 350 mL •GI tract – 150 mL
What is the recommended water intake, and needs more water?
Recommended Intake •1 ml per kcal (2-3 liters) •Increased needs –Athletes –Infants and children •Increased needs –Alcohol and caffeine intake •Diuretic effect
What are the health effects?
Health Effects
–Meeting fluid needs
•Protect the bladder, prostate, and breast against cancer
•Protect against kidney stones
Major minerals vs. trace minerals
Minerals •Major minerals –found in large quantities in the body, –>5 grams •Trace minerals – found in small quantities. •They may bind with other substances and interact with other minerals, thus affecting absorption. •Inorganic Elements
Sodium roles in the body?
Sodium (Na+)
•Sodium Roles in the Body
–Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance
•Major extracellular electrolyte
–Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
–Filtered out of the blood by the kidneys
Sodium deficiency in the body?
•Sodium Deficiency - Hyponatremia –Sodium and water must be replaced after •vomiting, •diarrhea or •heavy sweating. –Symptoms are muscle cramps, mental apathy, and loss of appetite.
Sodium toxicity in the body?
•Sodium Toxicity and Excessive Intakes
•Hypernatremia
–Edema and acute hypertension
–Prolonged high intake may contribute to hypertension.
Sodium in foods
•Sodium in Foods
–Large amounts in processed foods (approximately 75% of sodium in the diet)
–Table salt (approximately 15% added sodium in the diet)
–Sodium may be present in surprisingly high amounts if chloride is removed.
–Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads and vegetables (approximately 10% of sodium in the diet)
Sodium hypertension and osteoperosis
•Sodium and Hypertension
Salt restriction does help to lower blood pressure.
–Salt sensitivity is a term to describe individuals who respond to a high salt intake with high blood pressure.
–Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) is a diet plan that helps to lower blood pressure.
•Sodium and Bone Loss (Osteoporosis)
–High sodium intake is associated with calcium excretion.
Chloride roles in the body
Chloride (Cl¯)
•Chloride Roles in the Body
–Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
–Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach
–Necessary for proper digestion
Chloride deficiency and toxicity
•Chloride Deficiency and Toxicity
–Deficiency is rare.
–Losses can occur with vomiting, diarrhea or heavy sweating.
–Dehydration due to water deficiency can concentrate chloride to high levels.
–The toxicity symptom is vomiting.
Chloride food sources
•Food Sources
–Abundant in most foods
–Abundant in processed foods
Potassium roles in the body
Potassium (K+) •Potassium Roles in the Body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance •Major intracellular electrolyte –Facilitates many reactions –Supports cell integrity –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions –Maintains the heartbeat
Potassium deficiency
•Potassium Deficiency- Hypokalemia –Symptoms include: • muscular weakness, •paralysis, •confusion, •increased blood pressure, •salt sensitivity, •kidney stones Later signs include •irregular heartbeats, •muscle weakness, and •glucose intolerance.
Potassium toxicity
•Potassium Toxicity - Hyperkalemia
–Results from supplements or overconsumption of potassium salts
–Can occur with certain diseases or treatments
–Symptoms include muscular weakness and vomiting.
–If given into a vein, potassium can cause the heart to stop.
Potassium food sources
Food Sources •Potatoes (white and sweet) •Citrus Fruits •Banana •Meats •Tomatoes
Potassium and hypertension
•Potassium and Hypertension
–Low potassium intakes increase blood pressure.
–High potassium intakes prevent and correct hypertension.
