Life Cycle & Pregnancy Flashcards
What are critical periods in pregnancy?
- Critical periods are finite periods of intense development and rapid cell division.
- Neural Tube Defects
- The critical period is 17-30 days gestation.
- Anencephaly affects brain development.
- Spina bifida can lead to paralysis or meningitis.
Embryo and fetus growth in pregnancy
- Fetal Growth and Development
- Embryo
- Two to eight weeks
- Development of vital systems
- Fetus
- Next seven months
- Organs grow to maturity
- From less than 1 ounce to 6 ½ to 9 pounds
How much weight should one gain during pregnancy?
- Weight Gain during Pregnancy
- Recommended Weight Gains
- Underweight <18.5 BMI: 28-40 pounds
- Healthy weight 18.5-24.9 BMI: 25-35 pounds
- Overweight 24.9-29.9 BMI: 15-25 pounds
- Obese ≥30 BMI: 15-pound minimum
- pregnant with twins: 35-45 pounds
What is the maternal weight gain pattern during pregnancy?
•Weight-Gain Patterns
- 3 ½ pounds first trimester
- 1 pound per week thereafter
What are the components of weight gain during pregnancy?
- Components of Weight Gain
- Increase in breast size = 2 pounds
- Increase in mother’s fluid volume = 4 pounds
- Placenta = 1 ½ pounds
- Increased blood supply = 4 pounds
- Amniotic fluid = 2 pounds
- Infant at birth = 7 ½ pounds
- Increase uterus and muscles = 2 pounds
- Mother’s fat stores = 7 pounds
What are the energy and nutrients needs during pregnancy?
- Energy and Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy
- Energy
- Second trimester +340 kcal/day
- Third trimester +450 kcal/day
- Protein
- 25 grams/day
- Use food, not supplements
- Essential Fatty Acids—especially long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
What are the nutrients needed for blood and cell growth during pregnancy?
- Folate
- B 12
- Iron
- Zinc
- Ca and Vit D for bone development
- Other nutrients support growth, development and health of mother and fetus
What should vegetarian diets during pregnancy consist of?
- Vegetarian Diets during Pregnancy and Lactation
- Adequate energy is important.
- Should include milk and milk products
- Should contain a variety of legumes, cereals, fruits, and vegetables
- Plant-only diets may cause problems during pregnancy.
- Supplements of iron, vitamin B12, calcium, and vitamin D may be required.
What are the common nutrition related concerns during pregnancy?
- Common Nutrition-Related Concerns of Pregnancy
- Nausea
- Morning (anytime) sickness
- Ranges from mild queasiness to debilitating nausea and vomiting
- Hormonal changes
What can happen if someone is malnourished during pregnancy?
Malnutrition and Fetal Development •Fetal growth retardation •Congenital malformations •Spontaneous abortion and stillbirth •Premature birth •Low infant birthweight
What is WIC and what does it provide?
- Food Assistance Programs
- Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
- Nutrition education
- Food vouchers for nutritious foods only
What is gestational diabetes?
- Gestational Diabetes
- Routine screening with glucose tolerance test
- Gestational Diabetes
- Risk factors
- Age 25 or older
- BMI >25 or excessive weight gain
- Complications in previous pregnancies
- Symptoms of diabetes
- Family history of diabetes
- Hispanic, African American, Native American, South or East Asian, Pacific Islander or indigenous Australian
- Consequences
- Complications during labor and delivery
- High-birthweight infant
What are the facts about pre-existing diabetes during pregnancy?
- Preexisting Diabetes
- Proper management is important.
- Risks include infertility, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, spontaneous abortions, and pregnancy-related hypertension.
What are the facts about pre-existing hypertension during pregnancy?
- Preexisting Hypertension
- Heart attack and stroke
- Low-birthweight infant
- Separation of placenta from wall of uterus resulting in a stillbirth
What is transient hypertension of pregnancy?
- Transient Hypertension of Pregnancy
- Develops during second half of pregnancy
- Usually mild
- Returns to normal after birth
