Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the composition of carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are also composed of saccharide groups, which are building blocks.
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Main source of kilocalories- 4kcal/gram
Necessary for the formation of nerve tissue, RNA/DNA and structure of cells
What is known as the simple carbohydrates. And what do they consist of?
Monosaccharides (one saccharide):
Glucose-blood sugar
Fructose-fruit sugar
Galactose-part of milk sugar
What do the disaccharides consist of?
Maltose (malt sugar)= glucose + glucose
Sucrose (table sugar)= glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar)= glucose + galactose
One teaspoon of sugar is 5 grams (packet of sugar)
True
- The simpler the sugar the sweeter the taste
- fructose is 5 times as sweet as sucrose
- fructose and sucrose are both same
True
What are oligosaccarides?
- Oligo= scant
- short chains of monosaccharides
- 3-10 unit
- virtually tasteless
- can be given to elderly patient to bump up calories
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbs, with long chains.
Consist of glycogen: storage form of glucose in the body, and provides a rapid release of energy when needed.
Also consist of starches: storage form of sugar in plants, found in grains, tubers, and legumes
Glycogen is constantly being replaced like a checking account. It can be found in the liver and muscles.
True
Starch is a way plants store energy plants, yams, legumes.
True
Fiber
Cannot be digested by humans. (Chemical)
Provides form and structure to plants
Fiber can decrease/prevent colon cancer.
What is rumen?
Animals that have multiple stomachs. ( cow has 4 stomachs)
What is Insoluble Fiber?
Adds bulk and aids in elimination.
What is soluble fiber?
-Pre biotics (digested by bacteria)
-Functional fibers:lowers risk of disease (heart disease,diabetes,obesity)
- in form of gels
-Oats are soluble fiber
-
What are the health benefits of fiber?
Heart disease: lowers risk, lowers cholesterol
Disease: slows glucose absorption
Gi health: Decreases transit time of food through colon, holds moisture softens stool, parents diverticulitis
Cancer: helps prevent colon cancer, decreases transit, less carcinogens
Weight management : displaces energy dense foods
What ways could you increase fiber in diet?
Whole wheat, brown rice, baked potato, fresh apple, all bran, high fiber crispbread
White bread and wheat bread are both the same, only difference is the color.
True
Plantains are starchy and can be sweet.
They can become oligosaccaride when it has no taste.
All have same kcalories no matter sweetness.
True
What does glucose do in the body?
- body stores glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells.
- body uses glucose for energy if glycogen stores are available
- if glycogen stores are depleted, the body makes glucose from protein, which is not good because hydrogen is thrown away.
- primary function of glucose is to provide energy to cells
What is gluconeogenesis?
The conversation of protein to glucose.
What is protein sparing action?
Having adequate carbohydrate in the diet to prevent the breakdown of protein for energy.
What is glucose homeostasis?
Maintenance of normal blood sugar levels-normal blood sugar.
How do you regulate hormones?
Insulin: decreases blood sugar ( blood glucose-> cells)
Glucagon: increases blood sugar (release glucose from liver glycogen)
What is diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes (to pass though)
Mellitus (Honey)
- A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from insufficient insulin, ineffective insulin, or combination of both.
