Water And Electrolytes

Question 1

What are the 2 major compartments for water in the body

Answer 1

–Intracellular fluid

–Extracellular fluid

Question 2

Which compartment has more water

Answer 2

Intracellular fluid

Question 3

What are the 2 subcompartments that make extracellular fluid

Answer 3

• Plasma

* Interstitial fluid

Question 4

Filtration force is mostly dictated by

Answer 4

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

Function of filtration force

Answer 5

moves water from plasma to interstitial fluid

Question 6

Water distribution in the extracellular fluids is controlled by

Answer 6

filtration and reabsorption forces

Question 7

What causes hydrostatic pressure

Answer 7

the pumping of the heart

Question 8

Reabsorption is mostly dictated by

Answer 8

Osmotic pressure

Question 9

Reabsorption force function

Answer 9

moves water from interstitial fluid to plasma

Question 10

What causes osmotic pressure

Answer 10

caused by large proteins present in the plasma

Question 11

What 2 things primarily regulate fluid balance

Answer 11

–Kidneys

–Hormones

Question 12

What are the 4 hormones involved in fluid balance

Answer 12

• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system •Vasopressin (ADH)

* ANP, BNP

Question 13

Where is ADH synthesized and stored

Answer 13

Synthesized in hypothalamus but stored in and secreted by the posterior pituitary

Question 14

What 2 things trigger ADH secretion

Answer 14

triggered by increased extracellular osmolarity

or decreased intravascular volume

Question 15

What are the two function of ADH

Answer 15

–Increase water reabsorption by stimulating the movement of aquaporins in the distal convoluted tubule (water channels)

–Increase reabsorption of Na via sodium channels

Question 16

What two organs are responsible for creating hormones involved in fluid balance

Answer 16

Kidneys

Hypothalamus

Question 17

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) site of synthesis

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

Does ADH increase/decrease Bp?

Answer 18

Increase

Question 19

Aldosterone site of synthesis

Answer 19

Adrenal cortex

Question 20

Aldosterone is synthesized in response to

Answer 20

Angiotensin 2

Question 21

Aldosterone function

Answer 21

Sodium reabsorption

Question 22

How does aldosterone increase sodium reabsorption

Answer 22

By inserting additional channels in the distal ascending loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Question 23

Aldosterone effect on BP

Answer 23

Increase

Question 24

Renin site of synthesis

Answer 24

Afferent arteriole of glomerulus

Question 25

Renin released in response to what 4 things

Answer 25

Decreased BP Decrease sodium Decrease chloride Decreased extracellular fluid volume

Question 26

Renin function

Answer 26

Hydrolysis of Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Question 27

Renin effect on BP

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

Angiotensinogen site of synthesis

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

Angiotensinogen synthesized in response to

Answer 29

Pool is maintained in plasma but angiotensin 2 can stimulate its synthesis

Question 30

Angiotensinogen function

Answer 30

Precursor to angiotensin 1

Question 31

Angiotensinogen effect on BP

Answer 31

Increase

Question 32

Angiotensin 1 site of synthesis

Answer 32

Plasma

Question 33

Angiotensin 1 synthesized in response to

Answer 33

Angiotensinogen hydrolysis by renin

Question 34

Angiotensin 1 function

Answer 34

Precursor of angiotensin 2

Question 35

Angiotensin 1 effect on BP

Answer 35

Increase

Question 36

Angiotensin 2 site of synthesis

Answer 36

Plasma

Question 37

Angiotensin 2 synthesized by

Answer 37

Conversion of angiotensin 1 by ACE

Question 38

Angiotensin 2's three functions

Answer 38

Vasoconstriction stimulates synthesis of ADH Stimulates thirst

Question 39

Angiotensin 2 effect on BP

Answer 39

Increase

Question 40

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) site of synthesis

Answer 40

Lungs

Question 41

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) release in response to

Answer 41

Maintenance of pool in plasma

Question 42

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) function

Answer 42

Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Question 43

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) effect on BP

Answer 43

Increase

Question 44

Atrial naturietic peptide (ANP) site of synthesis

Answer 44

Cardiac myocytes of atrium

Question 45

Atrial naturietic peptide (ANP) released in response to what 2 things

Answer 45

Increased BP Increased extracellular fluid volume

Question 46

Atrial naturietic peptide (ANP) 3 functions

Answer 46

Inhibition of renin Decreased cardiac output Decreased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 47

Atrial naturietic peptide (ANP) effect on BP

Answer 47

Decrease

Question 48

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) site of synthesis

Answer 48

Brain but mostly cardiac myocytes of ventricles

Question 49

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) released in response to what 2 things

Answer 49

Increase BP Increased extracellular fluid volume

Question 50

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) 3 functions

Answer 50

Inhibition of renin Decreased cardiac output Decreased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 51

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) effect on BP

Answer 51

Decrease

Question 52

Know the chart of RAAS system

Answer 52

K

Question 53

How is anion gap measured

Answer 53

Anion gap = Measured cations (Na+) – measured anions (Cl- + HCO3-) –Normal range 8-18 mEq/L

Question 54

What is the relationship of Na and K

Answer 54

Inverse relationship

Question 55

What 2 hormones oppose the RAAS system

Answer 55

ANP BNP

Question 56

What percentage of total body weight is water

Answer 56

50-75%