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Advanced Nutrition II - Exam 2 > Calcium > Flashcards

Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

5 nutrients and substances that inhibit calcium absorption

A

Fiber

Phytic acid

Oxalic acid

Excessive divalent cations (Zn, Mg)

Unabsorbed fatty acid

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2
Q

3 nutrients/substances that enhance urinary calcium excreation

A

Sodium

Protein

Caffeine

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3
Q

3 nutrients whose absorption is inhibited by excessive calcium

A

Phosphorus

Iron

Fatty acids

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4
Q

What 3 ways is calcium transported in the body

A

Bound to proteins (albumin and prealbumin) (40%)
Complexed with sulfate, phosphate, citrate (10%)

Free in the blood (50%)

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5
Q

Where is most calcium found

A

Free in the blood

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6
Q

What molecule can increase calcium excretion and absorption

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Where is calcium mainly deposited

A

In the bone

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8
Q

When is PTH secreted

A

When calcium levels low

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9
Q

What is low calciums levels effect on parathyroid gland

A

Stimulates release of PTH

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10
Q

What is PTH effect on bone

A

Increased osteoclasts activity in bone

Leads to Ca and P resorption

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11
Q

What is PTH effect on kidneys

A

Stimulates 1-hydroxylase activity to increase synthesis of calcitriol

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12
Q

What is PTH effect on the intestine

A

Does not directly act on intestine

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13
Q

When is calcitriol secreated

A

When calcium levels are low

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14
Q

What is calcitriols effect on bone

A

Increases osteoclasts activity and increases proteins involved in bone remodeling

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15
Q

What is calcitriols General effect on kidneys

A

Increases calcium reabsorption

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16
Q

How does calcitriol specifically increase calcium resorption in the kidneys

A

Increase expression of TRPV5 (brush border), increasing synthesis of calbindin D28k (intracellular transport), and Ca-ATPases (basolateral membrane)

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17
Q

What is calcitriols effect on the intestine

A

Increases calcium absorption

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18
Q

How does calcitriol specifically increase calcium absorption in the intestine

A

Increase expression of TRPV6 (brush border), increasing synthesis of calbindin D9k (intracellular transport), and Ca-ATPases (basolateral membrane)

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19
Q

When is calcitonin secreated

A

Calcium levels are high

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20
Q

What is calcitonins effect on bone

A

Inhibits osteoclastic activity

21
Q

What is calcitonins effect on kidneys

A

Inhibits tubular resorption of calcium

22
Q

When is FGF 23 released

A

When calcium levels high

23
Q

Where is FGF 23 synthesized

By what?

A

In bone by osteocytes and osteoblasts

24
Q

What is FGF 23 effect on kidneys

A

Inhibits synthesis of 1-hydroxylase

25
Q

What is regular extracellular calcium concentration

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

26
Q

4 Characteristics of trabecular bone

A

Spongy appearance

Only 20-25% total bone in body

Is found mainly in axial skeleton and ends of long bones

More active than cortical

27
Q

3 Characteristics of cortical bone

A

Compact and dense

Is 75-80% of bone in body

Mainly found on surfaces of bones and shaft of long bones

28
Q

What do cortical and trabecular bone have in common

A

Consist of mostly type 1 collagen

29
Q

4 proteins that compose bone

A

Osteonectin

Osteopontin

Osteocalcin

Matrix Gla protein

30
Q

Osteonectin function

A

phosphoprotein which binds calcium and collagen

31
Q

Osteopontin function

A

binds to hydroxyapatite and calcium oxalate

32
Q

Osteocalcin function

A

secreted by osteoblasts and involved in hydroxyapatite binding and mineral deposition

33
Q

Matrix GLA protein function

A

promotes calcification of bone and may protect against soft tissue calcification

34
Q

What 2 proteins that comprise bone are vitamin k dependent

A

Matrix GLA protein

Osteocalcin

35
Q

Why are Osteocalcin and matrix GLA protein vitamin K dependent

A

Vitamin k is cofactor for the carboxylase for the proteins

36
Q

Osteoblasts main classification

A

Bone building cells

37
Q

2 Osteoblasts functions

A

Secrete collagen, proteins and ground substance

Regulate differentiation of osteoclasts

38
Q

Where do osteoblasts originate

A

Bone marrow

39
Q

Osteocytes function

A

Important for maintaining the integrity of surrounding bone

40
Q

Osteocyte are created from?

A

differentiated osteoblasts (osteoblasts that were incorporated into the bone matrix)

41
Q

Osteoclasts main classification

A

large and multinucleated cells that break down bone

42
Q

Osteoclast function

A

Lysosomes in osteoclasts release hydrochloric, citric and lactic acids

43
Q

What is the relationship of serum calcium to bone calcium levels

A

Occur inversely

44
Q

What hormone does the opposite of PTH and calcitriol

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

3 Risks for calcium deficiency

A

Tetany (intermittent muscle contractions that fail to relax)
Increased risk for osteoporosis
Co-deficiency of Vitamin D Hypocalcemia may lead to hypertension, colon cancer, obesity

46
Q

UL of calcium

A

UL = 2,500 mg/day

47
Q

Toxicity of calcium can cause what 2 things

A

Milk alkali syndrome

increases risk for kidney stones

48
Q

3 nutrients and substances that enhance calcium absorption

A

Vitamin D

Sugars and sugar alcohols

Proteins

Advanced Nutrition II - Exam 2 (12 decks)

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