water and electrolytes Flashcards
dehydration x 7
no urine output 12 hrs
dark urine
dizziness can’t stand
low blood pressure
rapid heart rate
fever
seizure
water intoxication
dilute sodium in blood> fluid shifts from outside to inside of cells > cell swell
disrupt brain function
kidney can’t get rid more than 1L /hrs
acidic water ? PH
what happen on sinks?
too acid can treated with ?
PH under 6.5 = soft water
contain metal ions causes blue green color staining on sinks
treated with sodium bicarbonate neutralizer
hard water?
PH over 8.5
tastes more bitter
PH
in pure water?
in blood?
stomach?
in pure water 7
in blood 7.35-7.45
stomach 2
PH
carbon dioxide
bicarbonate
oxygen
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 CO 2 an acid
sodium bicarbonate碳酸氫鈉 =baking soda is a base
oxygen is nature
how lung balance acid-base?
body produces CO2 acidic from metabolizing oxygen and nutrients > blood carries CO2 to lung exhaled CO2 out > body PH increases
how kidneys balance acid-base?
excrete excess acids or bases but very slowly takes several days
how buffer systems balance acid-base?
body has mechanism to control optimal PH balance throw negative and positive ions
water treatment x 3
ozonation臭氧化O3 - kill most microbes
ultraviolet UV light - kill most microbes
reverse osmosis逆滲透淨化水 - remove all microbes, minerals, colour
Electrolytes ? x 6
- Electrolytes are:
- Sodium (Na+)
- Calcium (Ca2+)
- Potassium (K+)
- Chloride (Cl-)
- Phosphate (PO4 ^3-)
- Magnesium (Mg 2+)
osmosis in cells? X 3
hypertonic - water move out > cells shrink
縮小
hypotonic - water move in > cells swell
isotonic - no water movement > cells remain same size
calcium function? x 5
build bones and teeth
stabilize BP
muscle contraction
blood clotting
nerve signals
lead to hyperglycemia?
Kidney disease
* Thyroid disorder
* Lung diseases
* Lung/ breast cancers
* Overdose of antacids/ calcium or Vit D
* Medications such as lithium, Theophylline黃嘌呤類(茶鹼)放鬆氣管周圍的肌. 肉以及抑制身體對致敏原的反應 or certain water pills
lead to hypocalcemia ?
Kidney failure
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Hypoparathyroidism
* Malabsorption
* Pancreatitis
* Prostate cancer
* Medications - heparin, osteoporosis drugs and anti-epileptic drugs
Calcium
* Food sources?
Dairy products
* soy milk, almond milk. Oat milk
* Dark green leafy vegetables
* Tofu
* Canned sardines with their soft bones
* Nuts
* Vit D is needed for calcium absorption
leat to hyperchloremia?
Severe dehydration
* Kidney failure
* Undergoing dialysi
lead to hypochloremia
- Sodium or potassium imbalances
- Eating disorder
- Acute kidney failure
- Cystic fibrosis - disorder that damages lungs,digestive tract and other organs
Chloride
* Food sources?
Table salt or sea salt (sodium chloride)
* Vegetables
* Seaweed
* Rye黑麥
*tomatoes/lettuce/celery
* Olives
Magnesium
* Function? x 4
Heart rhythm
* Nerve function
* Muscle contraction
* Bone health
Hypermagnesemia
- Addison’s disease - rare illness that occurs when the boy doesn’t make enough hormones
- Hypothyroidism
- Lithium therapy
- Kidney disease
- too much drugs containing magnesium,
laxatives and antacids
Hypomagnesemia
Malabsorption
* Excessive sweating
* Heart failure
* Alcohol use disorder
* Chronic diarrhoea
* Certain medications - diuretics and antibiotics
Magnesium
* Food sources?
Legumes
* oatmeal/ bran cereals
* Leafy green vegetables
* Fruits
* Dark chocolate
* Nuts (almonds/pecans)
Phosphate
* Functions?
Helps nerve function and make muscles contract
* Interacts closely with calcium, helps to build and
repair bones and teeth
* Kidneys, bones and intestines work to balance
phosphate levels in the body
