carbohydrates

Question 1

3 types of macronutrients?

Answer 1

carbohydrates
fat
protein

Question 2

3 types of micronutrients?

Answer 2

vitamin
mineral
trace element

Question 3

All macronutrients and micronutrients which 4 are organic? Which 2 are inorganic?

Answer 3

organic- include carbon atoms
carbohydrates/fat/protein/vitamin
inorganic- don’t contain carbon.
mineral/trace element/water

Question 4

Two method to combine and splits?

Answer 4

condensation
combine together
hydrolysis
splits into small ones

Question 5

carbohydrates 3 types? and example ?

Answer 5

momnosaccharide
glucose/fructose/galatose
disaccharides
surose/lactose/Maltose
polysaccharide

Question 6

Brain only fuel used? for energy

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

most sweetest is?

Answer 7

fructose

Question 8

lactose from?

Answer 8

Galatose combine to glucose

Question 9

complex carbohydrate? x 2
how many sugar molecules chains composed?

Answer 9

oligosaccharides
chains composed 3 to 10 sugar molecules
polysaccharides
chains composed over 10 sugar molecules

Question 10

oligosaccharides can break down by what?
which have a lot of oligosaccharides?

Answer 10

cannot break down by body just break down by intestinal bacteria Prebiotics
human breast milk contain a lot of oligosaccharide

Question 11

polysaccharides 3 types?

Answer 11

starch
glycogen
fibre

Question 12

starch 2 types?

Answer 12

is a polysaccharides
1)amylose 直鏈澱粉
2)amylopectin 支鏈澱粉
直鏈澱粉是一條直線，而支鏈澱粉則像有分岔一般，能增加與消化酵素接觸的表面積，所以消化速度快，但人體內分解澱粉的酵素主要是作用在直線處，因此分岔越多消化完整度越差。 所以一次大量攝食含較多支鏈澱粉的糯米製品容易伴隨消化不完全，腹脹、腹痛等腸胃不適情形。

Question 13

where is glycogen from? break down to what?

Answer 13

storage in skeletal muscle and liver broken down to glucose

Question 14

carbohydrate digestion? 3 steps?
use ? enzyme
digestion by ? where

Answer 14

starch throw amylase
maltose throw amylase
glucose throw Maltese
in small intestine

Question 15

carbohydrate abortion in where?diffuse move to?
some monosaccharide from what to storage?

Answer 15

glucose/fructose/ galactose absorb by small intestine cells diffuse move to blood stream or to liver from glycogen to storage

Question 16

function of carbohydrates ? x 4

Answer 16

energy storage
liver 1/3 muscle 2/3
fat metabolism liver needed for fat burning
produce energy
sparing protein fat and protein can be used when absence of carbohydrates

Question 17

absence of carbohydrates what disease will happen?

Answer 17

liver cannot break down fat>
ketone bodies are produced water is lost when ketone is excreted> dehydration>ketosis
酮體引發滲透性利尿

Question 18

absence of carbohydrates what happen in liver

Answer 18

break down fat to Pyruvic acid丙酮酸 support brain energy

Question 19

ketosis酮症? relation of DM?

Answer 19

當葡萄糖不足，肝會將脂肪轉換成脂肪酸與酮體Ketone bodies，取代葡萄糖提供能量。
當缺乏胰島素時，糖份無法進入細胞提供熱能，身體會轉而分解脂肪做為能量來源，脂肪在分解的過程中，會釋放酮體（Ketone）至血液，再經由尿中排出，高血酮表示碳水化合物的攝取或胰島素作用不足，顯示糖尿病控制狀況不佳。

Question 20

dehydration symptom?

Answer 20

less urine/ dark urine / headaches/ tired/ dizzy/ rapid heart rate/ confusion

Question 21

hypoglycemia symptoms?

Answer 21

blood sugar is below 4mmol/L
Shaking/Sweating/Hunger/Fast heartbeat/confusion

Question 22

how pancreas regulating blood sugar levels when low blood glucose?

Answer 22

low blood glucose
pancreas release glucagon to liver release glucagon升糖素 break down glycogen肝醣 to glucose

Question 23

how pancreas regulating blood sugar levels when high blood glucose?

Answer 23

high blood glucose
pancreas release insulin carry glucose out from blood

Question 24

How oligosaccharide decrease cholesterol?
which food?

Answer 24

is a dietary fibre
onion, garlic, soybean, oats
oligosaccharide will combine with bile, bile make with cholesterol excretion from body