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geography > water > Flashcards

water Flashcards

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1
Q

what is water security

A

areas of water surplus, can provide enough water to meet everyone’s needs

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2
Q

what is water insecurity

A

areas of water deficit, not having enough clean water for everyone

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3
Q

areas of water insecurity

A

Libya, Mexico

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4
Q

areas of water security

A

canada, brazil

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5
Q

reasons for increasing demand for water

A

rising population and economic development

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6
Q

demand for water increase - rising population

A

more people require water, water needed for agriculture

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7
Q

demand for water increase - economic development - 3

A

industrialisation
energy production
rising living standards

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8
Q

how much water is used to produce energy per year

A

50 billion m3

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9
Q

physical factors affecting water availability

A

climate
geology

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10
Q

economic and social factors affecting water availability - 4

A

over-abstraction
polluted water sources
limited infrastructure
poverty

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11
Q

what is over-abstraction

A

when more water from natural sources is used than is replaced, caused by population growth, high demand from businesses and improvements in sanitation

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12
Q

impacts of water insecurity - 4

A

pollution and disease
reduced food production
reduced industrial output
conflict where countries share a water supply

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13
Q

strategies to increase water supply - 4

A

dams and reservoirs
water diversion
water transfer
desalination

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14
Q

how does water diversion work

A

dam is built to raise a river’s water level and redirect water to new location

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15
Q

how is water transferred in water transfer schemes

A

canals, pipes, pumping stations, aqueducts

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16
Q

what is desalination

A

removes salt from seawater so it can be used

17
Q

2 processes of desalination.

A

heated until evaporates
passed through a membrane that removes salt

18
Q

how much of Dubai’s water is supplied through desalination

A

98.8%

19
Q

what are the disadvantages of desalination

A

expensive, as energy is needed to heat the water or force it through the membranes

20
Q

why is northern China an area of water insecurity

A

its dry climate means there is a limited supply of water, its large population, agriculture and industry mean that demand for water is high

21
Q

how is the problem of water insecurity in china being solved

A

water transfer project to move water from the more humid south to the drier north

22
Q

how does the water transfer scheme work

A

network of canals and tunnels to move 44.8 billion cubic metres from the humid south to the north

23
Q

advantages of the water transfer scheme - 4

A

100 million people benefit
supports economic development
allows more crops, supports agriculture
expected to reach its capacity by 2050

24
Q

disadvantages of the water transfer scheme - 4

A

costs more than $60 billion
communities displaced, farmland and natural habitats damaged
doesn’t provide for rural areas
creating water scarcity in the south

25
Q

sustainable water supplies - 4

A

water conservation
groundwater management
recycling
grey water

26
Q

how much of water is lost due to leaks

A

20%

27
Q

water conservation examples - 4

A

dual flush toilet
efficient washing machines
irrigating farmland directly where its needed
water metres

28
Q

what is groundwater management

A

amount of groundwater is monitored to prevent it from being removed faster than it is naturally replaced
farmers are encouraged to use fewer artificial fertilisers and pesticides to prevent pollution

29
Q

grey water

A

water that is reused immediately without being treated, used for irrigation, washing cars and flushing toilets
conserves energy but is expensive

30
Q

where is Hitosa

A

ethiopia

31
Q

what type of country is Ethiopia

A

LIC

32
Q

what is Hitosa’s water scheme

A

takes water from high level springs, causing it to flow through 140km of pipelines to 100 public water points and 150 private connections

33
Q

success of Hitosa water scheme

A

construction was completed on time and within cost
managed by local communities
supplies over 65,000 people

34
Q

problems of Hitosa water scheme

A

pipeline may be too costly to replace after its expected life of 30 years
hygiene neglected
agriculture uses too much of water

geography (11 decks)

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