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geography > tectonic hazards > Flashcards

tectonic hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property and possessions

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2
Q

destructive plate margins

A

-2 plates move together
-the oceanic plate is subducted under a continental plate and destroyed, creating volcanoes and ocean trenches
-where 2 continental plats meet, the ground folds upwards creating mountains

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3
Q

constructive plate margins

A

-2 plates move away from each other, magma rises to fill the gaps and cools, forming new crust
-volcanoes are caused when magma rises into the gap created

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4
Q

conservative plate margins

A

-2 plates move past each other sideways, or in the same direction but at different speeds
-tension builds up when the plates grind past each other, causing earthquakes

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5
Q

where do volcanoes occur

A

destructive and constructive plate margins

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6
Q

where do earthquakes occur

A

destructive, constructive and conservative plate margins

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7
Q

primary effects of an earthquake

A

-property destroyed
-people injured and killed
-ports, bridges, roads and railways damaged
-pipes and electrical cables damaged

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8
Q

secondary effects of an earthquake

A

-businesses reduced and money spent repairing damage, economy slows
-blocked transport infrastructure hinders emergency services
-broken gas pipes and fallen electricity cables cause fires
-burst water pipes lead to lack of clean water and waterborne diseases

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9
Q

primary effects of volcanic eruptions

A

-pyroclastic and lava flows destroy property and farmland
-people and livestock injured and killed
-air travel halted
-water supplies contaminated

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10
Q

secondary effects of a volcanic eruption

A

-economy slows
-emergency services struggle to travel
-ice melts causing flooding
-ash breaks down, forming fertile land

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11
Q

immediate responses to tectonic hazards

A

-issue warnings
-rescue teams
-provide shelter, food and drink
-recover bodies
-extinguish fires

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12
Q

long-term responses to tectonic hazards

A

-repair and rebuild properties and transport
-improve building regulations
-restore utilities
-resettle locals elsewhere
-increase monitoring technology

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13
Q

what and when was L’Aquila, Italy

A

earthquake in 2009, HIC

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14
Q

what and when was Gorka, Nepal

A

earthquake in 2015, LIC

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15
Q

L’Aquila primary effects

A

-308 killed, 1500 injured
-$11,434 million damage
-67,500 homeless
-10,000-15,000 buildings collapsed

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16
Q

L’Aquila secondary effects

A

-landslides and rock fall
-mudflow caused by burst water pipe
-house prices increased

17
Q

Gorka primary effects

A

-8,841 died, 16,800 injured
-$5 billion damage
-1 million homeless
-7,000 schools destroyed

18
Q

Gorka secondary effects

A

-landslides and avalanches killed 19 on mt. Everest
-rice seed ruined, food shortages and income loss
-blocked roads slowed aid

19
Q

L’Aquila immediate responses

A

-10,000 sheltered in hotels and 40,000 tents given
-7 dog search units
-free mobile calls
-$552.9 million raised

20
Q

L’Aquila long-term responses

A

-no taxes in 2010
-university fees waived
-free public transport

21
Q

Gorka immediate responses

A

-international help requested
-500,000 tents provided
-field hospitals set up
-Facebook launched safety feature

22
Q

Gorka long-term responses

A

-$274 million aid money
-lake sand river valleys cleared of landslide material
-stricter building controls enforced

23
Q

why do people live at risk from tectonic hazards (economic)

A

-geothermal energy
-farming nutrient rich soil
-tourism provides jobs
-cheaper to stay

24
Q

why do people live at risk from tectonic hazard (social)

A

-near friends and family
-the threat may not be great enough
-confidence in buildings keeping them safe

25
Q

monitoring volcanic eruptions

A

-tiltmeter monitors changes in shape of ground
-seismometers measure earthquakes near magma chamber
-thermal heat sensors measure ground and river temp

26
Q

prediction volcanic eruptions

A

-easier to predict than earthquakes as the normally gives signs before erupting

27
Q

protection volcanic eruptions

A

-buildings cannot be designed to protect against eruptions
-evacuation instructed by authorities

28
Q

planning volcanic eruptions

A

-evacuation
-exclusion zones
-education
-first aid training

29
Q

monitoring earthquakes

A

-foreshocks measured with seismometers
-radon using radon detecting devices

30
Q

predicting earthquakes

A

-very difficult to predict time, date and location

31
Q

protection earthquakes

A

-building and transport infrastructure design, expensive
-sea walls in case of tsunamis

32
Q

planning earthquakes

A

-practice drills
-preparing emergency supplies
-securing objects/furniture

geography (11 decks)

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