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Ancient Greece > Warfare > Flashcards

Warfare Flashcards

1
Q

Naval Battle development

A

-Phoenician (bireme) warships
> ships beginning to be built with rams at the front
- Triremes debatable who first developed them
> required 160 Oarsmen
> purposely built warships (10-40 armed men typically archers)
- oarsmen came from poor societies
>become their own political class

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2
Q

Development in Armaments

A

> Egyptian bow 150 Yards / Composite Bow Hyksos 250 Yards
Brought civil sword
brought chariots using horses and spiked wheels.
- Development of the saddle, enabled people to ride horses and fire arrows.
- Mycenaean
body armour consisted of metal rings being wrapped around you.
- Composite Bow
Acadians first record
not able to penetrate leather armour
- replacement of stone mace with bronze swords and axes
- had to have money to be hoplite to buy weapons and armour
- Spanish Short sword

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3
Q

When was the first mention of Triremes being used in a naval battle?

A

525 BC

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4
Q

Assyrians

A
  • First great empire
  • defeated by having all their enemies gain up on them
    > 613 grand alliance emerges: Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Scythians.
    > fought to the bitter end
    > vulnerable due to irrigation issues and no stone walls
  • tried to integrate conquered territories into being Assyrian.
  • incessant wars began draining resources.
  • in the 5th century they begin to get pushed out of conquered territories.
  • 599 BC completely wiped out.
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5
Q

Assyrian Military Innovations

A

-Largest stand alone army
- wide spread use of iron weapons and armour
- use of siege weapons
- supply train use of mules and camels
- development of roads
-developed the army boot
- extensive use of cavalry
- royal guards, Heavy Infantry, Heavy archers, Cavalry, Chariots
- Two man team archery, One stands with shield while the other shoots.
- Siege Warfare: digging, stalling letters, battering rams
> punish those who rebelled, set an example.
- use of intelligence to stomp out rebellions before they happen and gather intelligence for invading armies.

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6
Q

What battle and when were the Assyrians defeated?

A

Carshemish 605

> Egyptians providing aid against babylonians who they did not want to grow to powerful.

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7
Q

Cyrus the Great

A
  • defeat conquered Median Empire, and Lydia, Babylonian Empire.
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8
Q

Why do Jews love Cyrus the great?

A

Because he moved them to Babylonia

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9
Q

Persian Army

A
  • light infantry
  • immortals
  • used chariots
  • often got Greeks to fight battles for them
  • wicker shields not great for blocking Greek bronze spears.
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10
Q

Battle of Thymbra

A
  • Persians army half the size of the Lydian army
  • Persians: camels, 500 chariots, 4-8 fighting towers.
  • Lydians: Egyptians and Babylonians
  • Persian General: Cyrus
  • Lydians: Croesus
  • Persians attack when not expected catching Lydians off guard.
  • Lydian cavalry tries to encircle Persian centre but fails because of dust clouds.
  • Lydian horses spooked by smell of camels
  • out flank Lydians
  • surround Egyptians but they continuously resist until Cyrus offers them to join forces.
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11
Q

Scynthains

A
  • horse people
  • women fought on horse back
  • horse archers
  • nomadic
  • would harass and lower morale of opposition.
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12
Q

Cyrus the Great and the Scythains

A

-Set up trap and leave camp abandoned with lots of booze which they are not use to so they get drunk and than attack.
> captures Kings son, treats him well but he commits suicide.
> Queen Tomyris upset about her son challenges Cyrus
> Scynthians win battle and Cyrus is killed.
> put head into wine skin filled with human blood “told you I would quench your thirst for blood”

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13
Q

With what king does Persia begin to have a navy?

A

Cyrus II

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14
Q

Darius rise to power?

A
  • Cambyses II assented on the way back to Persian capital.

- Darius avenges him and kills the assassin and takes the throne.

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15
Q

Spartans

A
  • training discipline, high physical standards
  • declining numbers, limited capabilities, reluctance to engage in battle.
  • revolted against Macedonian rulers probably being paid by Persians to do so
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16
Q

Battle of Sepeia

A

494 BC Spartans vs Argos

  • Spartans use ruse to win battle
  • burned the remaining alive in the sacred grove of Argos.
  • make dinner same time everyday so they think it is a time when they will not attack.
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17
Q

What is a Periokoi?

A
  • autonomous group of free but non citizen of Sparta
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18
Q

Psiloi?

A

Slingers, light infantry

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19
Q

Ionian Revolt

A
  • Aristagoras tries to conduct an expedition that turns into fiasco and did not get permission.
  • not on good terms with ruling Persians so he encourages his own people of Miletus to rebel against
    > Greeks already getting impatient with Persian rule.
  • request from mainland Greece to help them
    > only Athens and Eritrea send help
    > other Greeks worry about taking on Persians
  • manage to take Sardis but Persian governors lock themselves in citadel with impending Persian back up the Greeks retreat.
  • Persians pursue and the revolt is later crushed in 493
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20
Q

Battle of Lade

A

494 Ionians vs Persians
- Persians offer mercy if they surrender.
- many decide to such as Lesbos and leave battle
> this greatly lowers morale
> creates chaos and confusion.
- Remaining Ionian Fleet destroyed
- move on to Miletus and burn it to the ground.
- males killed women and children sold into slavery

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21
Q

Bay of Marathon

A

-Athenians block path to Athens
- stare at each other for 5 days
> Athenians waiting for Sparta
-Something happens to cause Athens to attack first
- Persians headed back onto ships
- Left rear guard left to watch Athenians while Persians load onto their ships.
-defeat Persians having advantages in hand to hand combat.
- Athenians fought valiantly in order to protect their polis
- only actually faced a quarter to a third of Persian force as the rest were already aboard their ships.
- despite defeat Persian army still tries to sail to Athens but is beat out by the Athenian army and the Persians return to Asia.
- Sparta not there because they are busy celebrating a religious celebration.

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22
Q

Greek word for barbwire, take tree shave off leafs grow it towards enemy as an obstacle to stop them. Used in the battle of Marathon.

A

Abatis

23
Q

Thermopylae

A
  • Hold the Persians at the bottleneck of Thermopylae Artemisia.
  • Spartans want to pull back and hold them at Corinth but other Greek states disagree as they would be abandoning their capital and territory.
  • Hold Persia at small gap between sea and mountains
  • Athenians stay home
  • Persians pepper the Greeks with arrows
  • Between September 8-9th they are able to hold them off.
  • Xerxes told of a mountain pass
  • September 10th Immortals move through mountain pass outflanking the Greek position.
  • Most Greek troops retreat but Spartans, Thespians, Thebans, and Helots.
  • try to gain higher ground
  • ends in an epic battle to the last men between Greeks and the Immortals.
  • Although battle boosted Greek morale they lost 50% of their hoplites which is devastating.
24
Q

The First Peloponnesian War

A
  • Delian league still fighting Persians
  • Animosity between Sparta and Athens: growing assertiveness and arrogance, believe that Sparta is undermining Athenian control and threatens the interests of the Delian League.
  • insulted when Sparta dismisses a continent during a Helot uprising.
  • Sparta is becoming concerned with Athens growing military power.
  • Athens shelters Helot runaways from Sparta.
  • Athens exiles a pro spartan politician Cimon
  • 457 Sparta makes its first move taking out Phocis an Athenian Allie.
  • Second battle of Cimolia, Corinthians are stoned to death by Athenians (against Greek Martial)
  • Athens conducts a campaign of raids along Peloponnesian coast to try and hold down Spartan assets, relying on speed and surprise.
  • 449 Pericles tries calls a meeting to try and negotiate peace but this never happens as the Spartans refuse to show.
  • Finally 446 BC a peace treaties are signed.
25
Q

Delian League Alliances

A

Athens, Thessaly, Argos, and Megara

26
Q

Battle of Oenoe

A

461

- Sparta sends 2000 hoplites on a raid to Argos to force them to abandon alliance with Athens

27
Q

The Second Peloponnesian War

A
  • Congress of Sparta
    > Peloponnesian League meets with an Athenian Delegate.
    > Corinth condemns Sparta for not helping and warns that if they do no begin to they will be without allies.
    > Athenian delegates warn the Spartans and try to push them towards arbitration but Sparta votes that Athens have gone against the Peace treaties and they declare war.
  • Sparta Strategy: invade Attica, lay waste to Athenian countryside, defeat Athenians and dictate peace terms..
  • Athenian Strategy: avoid battle with Spartan Hoplites, use navy and economic resources to outlast Sparta.
    >raid Peloponnesian coast including trade routes
    > re establish the status quo.
  • Sparta invades Attica destroying their countryside, leaves after 3 weeks
  • Athens raids the Peloponnesian coast
  • Plague breaks out in Athens 30 000 people die
    > Pericles killed by plague
28
Q

What are the 4 stages of War

A
  1. Stalemate 431-421
  2. Peace of Nicias 421-415
  3. Athenian expedition to Sicily 415-413
  4. The Naval Campaigns 413- 404
29
Q

Battle of Spartolos

A
  • Athenians win hoplite battle against Sparta but are overwhelmed by Psiloi
30
Q

Battle of Stratus

A
  • Peloponnesian lose battle and retreat.
31
Q

Battle of Rhium

A
  • Naval battle

- Athenian fleet encircle Peloponnesian fleet and capture 12 ships.

32
Q

Battle of Naupactus

A
  • Athenian ships driven ashore by Peloponnesian
  • Athen back up come and manage to free some of the ships.
  • both sides claimed as a victory
  • ends Spartan campaign in Northwest campaign
33
Q

Battle of Aegitium

A
  • Athenian force that had raided Peloponnesian coast in attempt to subjugate Aeolian tribes that would allow an attack on Boeotia which is successful would link land to Athenian allies in North Western Greece.
  • Athenian hoplites homered with arrows and javelins and stones.
  • Athenians become run down with 600 Hoplite dead.
34
Q

Battle of Granicos

A

Alexander vs the Persians

  • Alexander concentrates his force that breaks Persians lines and causes a crazy cavalry battle killing 3 Persian generals.
  • Anatolia falls to Alexander.
  • Darius manages to get behind him making it dangerous because they could cut off supply lines
  • Alexander races to meet Darius who runs off battle field leaving behind his treasures and family
  • Main Persian army shattered
  • marches down to the Levant where most open their gates to Alexander.
35
Q

Siege of Tyre

A
  • first attempt Alexander has no navy so he builds a 1 km causeway
    > construct 160 foot high siege towers equipped with catapults and ballistics to keep Tyrian ships away.
    > fails
  • Alexanders fleet show with battering rams and find weak spot on fortifying walls and blow a hole through.
  • Alexander sends message killing 6000 men, 2000 of them being crucified on the beach.
36
Q

Battle of Gaugamela

A
  • 15 War elephants
  • Alexander outnumbered
  • bends left flank back
  • concentrates cavalry on the right
  • while his heavy infantry is busy gives Alexander a shot at Darius.
  • rest of Greek army heavily pressed
  • Darius flees again
  • Persian morale super low as leader runs again
37
Q

Battle of the Persian Gate

A

330 Persian Thermopylae

  • Persians lay trap for Macedonians
  • pelted with rocks and arrows from both sides
  • Alexander gets second column to get behind Persians
  • gets enough local tribes to turn Greek to stop open resistance.
38
Q

Alexander in India

A
  • meets ferocious resistance from local tribes
  • as soon as he leaves they re-join the fight against him
  • mutiny starts against him
  • troops are tired of fighting
  • were only suppose to be take over Persia which they did.
  • he has to execute 13 ring leaders and make promises to the rest
39
Q

Battle of Hydaspes

A
  • marches army through desert loses several men
  • jumps a wall and is trapped and badly wounded
  • Alexander decides to return to Babylon
40
Q

Alexander

A
  • allowed conquered to worship as pleased so long as paid the Macedonians
  • 323 dies
  • possibly poisoned by generals
  • doesn’t leave much of a will
  • has one son
  • Empire cut up by Generals
41
Q

Ancient Rome

A

-City found by twin brothers Romulus and Remus
> mother was a princess who was raped by Mars (Roman God of War)
> gives birth to Romulus and Remus
> gives twins away in fear of tyrant uncle
- they are raised of the test of a she wolf
> Romulus later kills Remus and begins Rome.
- Adoptive Mother the she wolf becomes symbol of Rome.

42
Q

Battle of the Allia River

A

390
badly defeated by the Gauls
Rome sacked and forced to buy off the Gauls
Last Romans would be captured by non Roman forces for 800 years

43
Q

The Roman Army

A
  • creation of standardized equipment
  • adoption of Gallic full body shields
  • win small engagements so gain experience for fighting and have confidence for bigger battles
  • Archimedes claw a big winch that went over the walls and drop the ships at a certain height to break the spine destroying the ship, death ray (used highly polished mirrors to lite enemy ships on fire) and steam cannon.
  • practiced obsessively
44
Q

Fabian Strategy to engaging Hannibal

A
  1. Avoid large scale pitched battles except where Rome has a massive advantage
  2. Shadow Hannibal’s army – deprives him of freedom of movement.
  3. Attack his supply lines and conduct scorched earth strategy
  4. Attacks isolated Carthaginian detachements and foraging parties – wears down Carthaginians and builds up Roman morale
  5. Keep Hannibal isolated retake cities and towns that go over to or are captured by Hannibal prevent the arrival reinforments
45
Q

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

A

Brilliant Roman military commander
Undermine Carthaginian control over Iberia
- achieves numerous battlefield victories and captures town after town
- shows leniency and friendship to Celt- Iberian tribes to encourage them to switch sides
- shows brutality to those who betray Rome

46
Q

Battle of Ilipa

A

Taunted Carthaginians to come out of camp.
Scipio surprises the Carthigians
> deploys Spanish allies, keeping Carthiginians tied down
- defeats both Carthiginians
- Encourage tribes to join on his side. Plenty of Spainairds that don’t like carthinigians
- price to be paid if anyone portrays Rome
> town slaughtered small garrison of Roman troops, Scipio comes back and kills everyone in town.

47
Q

The Battle of Zama

A

Hannibal keeps his best troops and veterans in the third rank
Scipio deploys his roman infantry standard pattern
Hannibal had superior cavalry
Newmedians (Carthages best calary) 2/3rds defect to Scipios side
Elephants used to just break through enemy lines lower morale.
Scipio moves apart and creates lanes for the Elephants
Lite troops swarm around them cutting and throwing Javelins at them.
Elephants actually turned around and end up smashing into the Carthaginians
(drivers of the elephants had spike to drive into elephants head if it was out of control)
- Carthage sues for peace – loses overseas possessions, navy limited to 10 ships, pay 300 tons of silver, not allowed to raise army or wage war without Roman permission.

48
Q

Third Punic War

A

-Carthage makes final reparations payment to Rome
Carthage undertakes military operations against Numidians who have invaded
Rome sees this as a violation of treaty, views Carthage as similar to its Italian Allies
- Looking for excuse to go to war with them to destroy them once and for all
- Romans land 84 000 man army Carthage attempts to appease rome
hand over 300 children as hostages done
- hand over all military equipment – done ( included 200 000 pieces of armor and 2 000 catapults and ballista)
move population to new site 16 km in land – old city to be burned except temples – Carthaginians refuse! It doesn’t matter what they do Romans are out for war
- 3 sets of walls, first set has a ditch infront of it, Second little higher and more elaborate, third wall being the highest and formidable. 3rd section stretched all the way around the city. Had a protective harbored. Chain net to let ships in and out.
- Scipio Aemillanus (nephew of Scipio) elected consul 147
- eliminates Carthginian stronghold and defeats Carthaginian field army
- seals off harbor Scipios mole – carthage now cut off and starving
– build scipio mole to stop anything from getting into Carthage
- Roman troops breech harbor defenses and six days of brutality savage street fighter.
- Romans create a breach which results in 6 days of brutal street fighting.
-Fight through buildings, lay boards to go across to get into next building from the top.
- Carthage finally falls

49
Q

Battle of Pydna

A

168
romans initially unable to cope with phalanx and centre falls back; however moving over broken ground, Macedonian formation loses its cohesions
romans move into gaps and make good use of the Gladius
Macedonian army destroyed

50
Q

When did Caesar die?

A

44 BC

51
Q

How does Rome defend their frontier

A
  1. First line of defence = series of allied tribes beyond the frontier = provides intelligence for and acts as a buffer against invaders.
  2. Campaign beyond frontier when needed – disrupts potential threat
  3. Series of Legionary and Auxiliary fortresses
  4. Great resources – more staying power.
52
Q

What were the 7 reasons for the decline in the Roman Empire?

A
  1. No reliable method of imperial succession
  2. Incessant civil Wars
  3. Barbarian invasions and migrations
  4. Barbarians allowed to settle within the controlled areas of Rome.
  5. Economic disruption
  6. Plague
  7. Uneven Leadership
53
Q

Rome Reading

A
  • Roman army was product of fou centuries of evolution.
  • adept organizers and engineers
  • Started as aristocratic heavy armed cavalry
  • Romans Confrontational by nature
  • Roman army great marchers
54
Q

Athenian Reading

A
  • says think of Athens as an Imperial Democracy

- Power and Prosperity of the Athenian democracy depended on its command of its great maritime empire.

Ancient Greece (19 decks)

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