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Ancient Greece > Asian Ascendancy > Flashcards

Asian Ascendancy Flashcards

1
Q

Invasions of Korea

A

Tang Dynasty 6th
Mongols 13th
Japan 16th
Qing Dynasty 17th

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2
Q

Why were wars fought in Korea much bloodier than those in China and Japan?

A

-Wars in Japan tend to be fought among the ruling class: leaving the people out
-Wars in China far between, and China large enough for people to move
Korea: wars are fought on the peninsula desperate wars of conquest
-entire population is affected by war.

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3
Q

What were the affects of Korea’s bloody wars?

A
  • much greater sense of insider/outsider in Korea
  • much stronger identity
  • Linguistic and cultural homogeneity
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4
Q

Shamanism

A
  • believes in one great divine being
  • Women most frequently take the role of a shaman.
  • As Confucianism- male domination becomes more stronger- perhaps shamanism a refuge for women
  • Through singing and dancing the shaman begs the spirits to intercede in the fortunes of the humans in question
  • The shaman gains good fortune for clients, cure illnesses by exorcising evil spirits, or propitiate local or village gods
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5
Q

Why is there so much interest in the three kingdoms period?

A
  1. response to Chinese historiography
  2. Similarities to contemporary division
  3. gender equality
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6
Q

Baekje 18 BC - 660 AD

A

wealthy agricultural society few material remains
Buddhism introduced 3rd century
Many trading and cultural exchanges with Japan

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7
Q

When does Silla adopt Buddhism as its official religion?

A

527 AD

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8
Q

Korea 660/ 668 / 676

A

660 Silla & Tang alliance defeats Baekje
668 Goguryeo defeated
676 Silla sole ruler of the peninsula

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9
Q

What are the legacies of these 3 Kingdoms?

A
  • Aristocratic, Shaministic, Military societies
  • Ongoing theme the interest and interference of great powers in the region
  • Early Korea moves from diffuse, aristocratic state to more centralized Chinese-style state
  • Employ Buddhism and Confucianism as legitimizing ideologies, overcome the limitations of the shaman, tribal state
  • Not blind copying- adapted to the context (shamanism, royal bloodline, aristocracy preserved)
  • Sense of “difference” from China- and sense of threat from outsideOnce the northern border is established it is remarkably stable
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10
Q

Who were the first people to arrive on the Pacific Islands?

A
  • Manchuria
  • Polynesian
  • Pacific islands, from Manchuria via Hokkaido and from Korea via Kyushu
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11
Q

What are the three periods in Japanese history?

A

Jomon 13,000 BCE – 300 BCE
Yayoi 300 BCE -300 CE
Kofun/Yamato 300 CE – 600 CE

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12
Q

Yayoi Period of Japan

A

300BC-300AD

  • men and women equal
  • Polynesian archectiecture
  • elites left good tombs
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13
Q

Himiko/Pimiko’s

A

c. 170–248 CE
occupied herself with sorcery and magic
ruled with the help of her brother and 1000 women
4 embassies between 238-247 to Chinese state of Wei
combined sacred and secular power

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14
Q

Shinto

A
  • nature
  • many Gods
  • Kami (tree, rock, mountain)
    > God
    > people begin to become Kami like royal family and ancestors.
  • no good or evil just have to appease Gods
    Shinto Bird perch Shrine
    Marked by torii•Derived from mythical bird-perch–Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, goes into hiding (a solar eclipse) –A rooster is placed on a perch in front of the cave –When she sticks her head out the light returns
    Ise Shrine
    The chief imperial shrine•Located 50 miles east of Yamato•Houses sacred symbols–Bronze mirror–Sword–Curved jewel•Said to be given to first emperor by Sun Goddess Amaterasu•Main shrine may have moved from west coast reflecting Yamato family’s turning away from Korea•Rebuilt every 20 years
  • displaced buddhism
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15
Q

Kojiki

A

712 CE- tales collected by the Yamato ruling family to justify their rule- became principle Shinto text

  • gives a confucianized history of the Yamato family.
  • used for political writings
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16
Q

Yamato Family

A

transition from decentralized family/clan (uji) feudal rule to state.
Held rule for 6-7 centuries
- first capital was a failure but second capital worked
-Confucianism

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17
Q

Taiko

A

Great Change Reforms
Three reforms
Asuka Reforms 603 CE
Four Article Edict 646 CE
Code of Taiho (Great Treasure) 702 CE
From Reading
1. titles held by imperial princes to serfs granted by imperial decrees (koshiro); the title to lands held directly by the imperial court (miyake); and private titles to lands and workers held by ministers and functionaries
2. first time, the capital shall be placed under an administrative system
3.s hereby decreed that household registers, tax registers, and rules for allocation and redistribution of land shall be established.
4. taxes and forced labor shall be replaced by a system of commuted taxes based on [the size of] the rice fields (denchō).

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18
Q

Why the change from the Soga family?

A

Geopolitical

  • China divided in a civil war
  • Tang Dynasty expanding into Korea
  • Yamato sends 10 thousand troops to help fight the Chinese in Baekje
  • Have to modernize to counter incoming Tang Dynasty
  • build a permeant capital
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19
Q

Asuka Reforms

A

China as model Permanent capital city
Script and Religion (Buddhism)
All control under tenno (Empress or Emperor)Introduced under Empress Suiko with help of Uncle Prince Shotoku
1. One Harmony (centralization)
2. Buddhism (not Shintoism) as state religion
3. Tenno sacred

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20
Q

Tenno

A

Ruler

no gender

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21
Q

Japan 646 4 Article Edict

A
  1. All private fiefdoms abolished
  2. Capital city under direct control of Yamato family
  3. Registration of all households
  4. Taxes
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22
Q

Nara Japan

A
  • Shinto ideal being in nature
  • walls but just as boundaries
  • built by Temmu (b. 631-686, reigned 672-686)
  • based on Chang-An
  • Temmu also subverts Shinto to Yamato family
  • He transfers shrine of the Sun-Goddess to Ise, formerly home of the food god
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23
Q

Daijokan

A

Council of State in Japan (Yamato era)

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24
Q

Hiragana

A
  • female script

- based off writings from the Tang cursive script

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25
Q

Describe Heian leadership in politics from 750 to 1250

A

750-850 Emperor Dominant
850-1050 Fujiwara family dominant
1050-1180 retired Emperors
1180-1250 Warrior households

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26
Q

Heian Period

A
  • new capital Kyoto build based off of Chang’an
  • rich aristocracy
  • Peace between 750-1250
  • move rom military to education and wealth
  • tax rebellions
  • snotty aristocrates
  • gendered alphabets
  • foundation of classic Japanese literature.
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27
Q

Heian 750-850

A

Emperor dominant

  • dominant politically / his priest
  • a lot of rituals
  • retired Emperors start shadow governments
  • in breeding causing health issues and making Emperors dumb.
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28
Q

Kanpaku

A

regents to the Emperor

  • the kanpaku appoints governors, runs the Daijokan (Department of State), makes the military decisions, all in the name of the emperor
  • regent mothers father
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29
Q

Heian 850-1050

A

Fujiwara dominant

  • state run by Kanpaku
  • They assign tax estates shoen to themselves, to supporters, to important Buddhist temples and monasteries
  • capture imperial family
  • shoen
  • switch from female Empresses to only Emperors, female Empresses to difficult to control.
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30
Q

Shoen

A

-tax estates
land given that you collect taxes from
- only suppose to be for awhile but they would hold on to it and gain wealth and start private armies.

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31
Q

Noble family during Heian Period

A

Dependent on patron-client relationsProperty passed down through male and female linesMarried women stayed in matrimonial home-men moved inShe kept her clan name and was buried with her clanShe kept her own property and often it was left to daughters Both men and women had the right of divorce

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32
Q

Daijō Tennō or Jōkō

A

Retired Emperors

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33
Q

Retired emperors rule from their cloistered courts called?

A

Insei

34
Q

Emperors descendants

A
  • so many all given clan names
  • sent to fight the Barbarian Ainu’s to the north.
  • Emperor Saga (786–842) with 49 children is the first to do this. He creates the name Minamoto (origin) for this clan
35
Q

A military family in Japan that gets called upon to mediate problems in Japan?

A

Sei-i Taishōgun

36
Q

What were the three factors for the decline of the Heian period?

A
  1. shoen
  2. Rise of militant Buddhism + retired emperors
  3. Rise of military families- buke, and the Heian aristocracy kuge calling them in to fight
37
Q

Gempei War

A

1180-1185
Taira and Minamoto fight it out
Taira wins sparing 3 Minamoto sons who are sent North

38
Q

1185 Naval Battle
Taira loses
Taira soldiers believed to have turned into crab.
Women jumps off ship with 3 sacred relics of Imperial Family

A

Battle Dan-no-ura

39
Q

gets permission from the court to appoint provincial governors, shoen stewards and shugo provincial milita

A

Yoritomo Minamoto

40
Q

Samakura Bakufu

A

1185-1333.
Emperor-kampaku-Shogun the real political head
2. Bakufu=tent government (hence impermanent)
3. Still Emperor still kuge, but military values begin to predominate
4. New Law Code –the Joei Code
5. before Shogun only a military title, now it combines military & political power until 186

41
Q

Warrior House Holds period in Japan

A

Personal Armies
growth in wealth
feudal systems creating money from agriculture
more decentralization the more wealth grows.

42
Q

Joei Code

A
  1. Concerned with property
  2. Father the head- patriarchal
  3. All members have say
  4. Family basic unit
43
Q

1st Japanese Invasion

A

Kublai Khan
1st Invasion Samurai not used to massed style of Mongol fighting and not used to Mongol weapons (long bows, rocket arrows and bombs)
Between 3-5,000 each side
1st 3 battles Mongol victories
Mongols retreat to their ships to recover and hit with typhoon 200 ships lost smaller Japanese ships attack the remaining
First time seeing bombs

44
Q

2nd Japanese invasion

A

Japanese prepare sea walls on the mainland
Some sources 900 Korean ships, 3,000 Chinese ships 140,000 men
Now? 1/3 ships, 14,000 to 70,000 men
Fleet split- the Koreans arrive first Unable to make landings
Japanese raid the ships
Chinese arrive in July but the Japanese have the advantage
Disease, hot weather kills many
Mongolian leaders begin to return
Chinese & Korean troops unable to keep territory Another typhoon sinks the flat bottomed river boats in August

45
Q

What kept Kamakura Japan together?

A

single voice of authority
Ties of blood unstable
patron-client relationships rigid class system social/religious ideas

46
Q

Koryo

A

coexistence of Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Shamanism Mongol Rule 1270 to 1356
Growth of Neo-Confucianism
-military clans seize power from the civil bureaucracy
>The Ch’oe family dominate the Royal family until 1258

47
Q

Koryo

A

coexistence of Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Shamanism Mongol Rule 1270 to 1356
Growth of Neo-Confucianism
-military clans seize power from the civil bureaucracy
>The Ch’oe family dominate the Royal family until 1258
- tributary state to the Song Dynasty
- slave status hereditary
- military aristocracy
- Buddhism used to break aristocracy
- Asias largest navy
- held off Mongols for 50 years
-The Koryŏ court split between pro Mongol and pro-Ming factions

48
Q

Won Kon

A

-general from the north
-Mixture military aristocracy/Confucian Scholars
Invites talented men from Song China, but marries 29 daughters from military aristocracy
-Merges the surviving Silla true bone aristocrats with the military
-Perhaps still has steppe succession influenceIn matters of royal succession, succession by the eldest legitimate royal issue should be the rule. But Yao of ancient China
-let Shun succeed him because his own son was unworthy.

49
Q

Kwangjong

A

949-975
Meritocracy
Confusion exams to work bureaucracies
Hands out prebend- tax estates

50
Q

Neo- confucianism vs Buddhism

A
  • Neo-Confucianism rejected the idea of reincarnation and the associated idea of karma
  • Neo- Confucianism appealed to Koryo aristocrates
  • Neo- Confucianism becomes a way to assert Korean identity.
51
Q

the Golden Horde

A

Mongols stayed on the steppe
Did not occupy the cities
Kept their steppe life
Left the ruling class in place
Princes paid taxes/tribute to Saray
Attended kurultai in Karakorum to pledge loyalty
Princes marry Mongol women who convert
Russian states take the yam, taxes, government organization, military strategy & tactics
Russian Orthodox Church not controlled or taxed, becomes rich

52
Q

overthrows the Sibir Khanate

A

Cossack Yermak Timofeyevic
with funding from the Stroganov family
Cossacks- semi nomadic, professional military
fighting, raiding, obtaining tribute
primarily horseback warriors
Convert to Russian Orthodoxy 14th century
The ‘shock troops’ of Russian Siberian conquest terror as strategy
Will settle in frontier garrisons as extensions of the Russian/Moscow state
- Khanate not destroyed but made to pay taxes the Czar

53
Q

Russian Expansion

A

-By 1689 Russia conquered all northeastern Eurasia to the Bering Strait
- like the Mongols- it is a military and economic occupation with little administration
- Access to resources (furs) and defense of vulnerable frontier
> fur trade
> Stroganoff: Hudsons bay company of Russia/ furs, salt fish, mining
> collected by local tribes as tribute
> yam routes
-This form of semi-autonomous rule will create difficulties in creating a unitary state in the 20thand 21st centuries

54
Q

China and Russia diplomatic goals

A
  1. To create a buffer zone
  2. To control the tribes on each side
  3. To negotiate a trade treaty
  4. To establish diplomatic relation
55
Q

Establishment of the Russian/Qing/Mongolian border

A

Treaty of Kiakhta 1727
> creates buffer zone
> acknowledges each other as equal

56
Q

Russian Town in Beijing

A

The Albanians

> dependents of Russian Cossacks

57
Q

Mughal Empire

A
  • rule India under Islam
  • military empire
  • 150 Million People
  • Mongol Gardens
58
Q

Timur

A
  • Genghis Khan without the good parts just the killing
  • inspired to get back the Mongolian Empire
  • written on his tomb if you open my Tomb you will face an invader far worst than me, 3 days later Hitler invaded Russia in mission Barbarossa
59
Q

Mughal Administration

A
  • restricting looting
  • leave local rulers in place
  • Islamic a textual tradition- the ruler interprets Islamic law
  • like the Hindu tradition the ruler is almost a god
  • religious toleration and acceptance
60
Q

Mansab

A
  • Mongol emperors take wives from mansab families, marry their sons to them
  • rank /rankholder-military fiefdom
61
Q

Tax landowner in Mughal Empire

A

Zamindar

62
Q

Bloody Tanistry

A
  • In Mughal India sons (relatively few ) attack fathers and one another
  • Each change in emperor is accompanied by fight among the sons
  • This was seen as barbaric and uncivilized
  • from birth see brother as competitor
63
Q

accused of destroying Hindu temples, persecuting Sikhs, Islamic zealot

A

Aurangzeb 1658-1707

64
Q

Japanese region plains, horse region, warrior, agriculture

A

Kanto

> Kamakura

65
Q

Japanese region cradle of Japanese civilization, high culture, trade commerce

A

Kinai

> Kyoto

66
Q

Japanese two Royal lines System

A
  • Defeat of the Mongols left them broke, had no land to give military who had fought for them.
  • split into two royal blood lines alternating every 10 years.
  • Kameyama junior line and Go-Fukakusa senior line
  • keeps Hojo family together until Go-Daigo
67
Q

Takauji

A
  • sent to defeat the Emperor
  • angry about not getting paid for defeating the Mongols
  • aligns Go Daigo
  • defeat Hojo Family mass suicide 800 people
  • unhappy with Go Daigos payment, and his Kenmu system.
  • repressed a rebellion but Go Daigo accuses him of starting the rebellion
  • send Nitta and Kusunoki to fight Takauji
  • 1336 Takauji declares himself Shogun
  • Go Daigo flees and sets up a second court in Yoshino stripping the ;act bit of power from the Emperor
  • runs a court in Kyoto
68
Q

Go Daigos Plots

A

1324 : first plot discovered

1333: Second plot discovered Daigo tries to fight Kamakura and is exiled to Oki
1333: Escapes Oki and raises another army
- restores power back to the Tenno

69
Q

Southern Court of Japan Location, Ruling Line, Main Advantages, Power Base

A

Yoshino, Junior Line, Three treasures/relations with China, Kyushu west Japan

70
Q

North Court of Japan location, ruling line, main advantages, power base

A

Kyoto, Senior Line, support of Bakufu, Kyoto and Kanto

71
Q

Daimyo

A
  • local Shoguns keeping taxes and even passing them down to off spring, gaining a lot of power and segrating northern Japan
  • Bakufu power began to decrease
72
Q

Yoshimitsu

A
  • re-opened relations with China for trade
    >only lasted one generation
    > still traded just did not give tribute
  • no heir caused a succession crisis
    > wants his brother Yoshimi but wife wants newborn son Yoshihisa
    >causes fight between Yamana (Yoshihisa) and Hosokawa (Yoshimi)
73
Q

Two Bakufu of Japan

A

Kamakura Bakufu

Muromachi Bakufu

74
Q

Muromachi Bakufu

A
  • begins to breakdown as local officials gain to much power and leads to a period of war between local Shoguns.
75
Q

The Onin War

A

-Yamana (Yoshihisa) Western Force vs Hosokawa (Yoshimi) Eastern Force
- Kyoto battle ground
> devastated
> every family has a headquarters in Kyoto
> high culture leaves Kyoto

76
Q

Outcome of the Onin War?

A
  • fragments into domains
  • peasant form self defence groups leagues
  • everyone is armed
  • Shogun becomes like a local Lord
77
Q

Radical egalitarian farmers in Japan

A 
Ikko Ikki 
> anti samurai 
> anti daimyo 
> loot and give to the poor
> 25 year take over of Osaka
78
Q

Japanese word for the Low rises to the Top

A

Gekokujo
> refers to the Ikko Ikki
> refers to Daimyos
> rising from low standing families

79
Q

buddhism that is popular among the masses?

A

Pure Land Buddhism

80
Q

Buddhism that is popular among warriors?

A

Zen Buddhism

81
Q

6 aspects of Zen Buddhism

A
  1. reasoning is futile, emotions are untrustworthy
  2. gain enlightenment (satori) is this world
  3. silent, prolonged meditation (zazen)
  4. master/student relationship
  5. anti-rational
  6. important aesthetic legacy

Ancient Greece (19 decks)

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