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AQA A-Level History: Louis XIV > WAR SUMMARY > Flashcards

WAR SUMMARY Flashcards

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1
Q

war of devolution dates

A

1667-1668

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2
Q

how was spanish weakness a cause in the war of devolution?

A
  1. they had lost American bullion wealth from the 16th century
  2. this led to a prolonged depression with a decade of bad harvests
  3. this led to a declining population (compared to France’s growing one)
  4. this meant less people to tax so declining revenues
  5. this mean less funding for the military which fell into disarray and who were also occupied with the campaign against Portuguese independence
  6. this was all worsened by Philip IV’s death in 1665 that left the empire to his syphilitic, paralytic, 3-year-old son Carlos I
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3
Q

what was Louis’ personal motivation for attacking the Spanish in the war of devolution?

A

Dynastic claims through his wife Maria Theresa and the devolution law
- Carlos taking too long to die, Maria cut out of her father’s will from Pyrenees, used ancient Flemish devolution law to partition land in Spanish netherlands, only applied to private property, legal doesn’t work so just takes land

Wanted to exploit Spain’s weakened position
- Wanted to boost gloire, made sure Spain wasn’t ready to deal with an attack, Lionne cut off their allies with Brandenburg, England, Sweden, Denmark and German princes promising to remain neutral
- Portugal got 2 million livres to keep fighting Spain

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4
Q

what were the gains from the war of devolution (Aix la Chapelle)?

A
  • Land gained: France returned Franche Comte in return for keeping all other land conquered (e.g. Lille as largest town in the spanish netherlands, Oudenaarde, Douai and Charleroi)
  • National security: Saint Omer and Cambrai provided buffer zones to previously vulnerable territories like Dunkirk and Calais
  • Vauban fortified gains: e.g. Lille and Ath
  • Dynastic concerns: the secret treaty of Gremonville saw Leopold I agree to partition the Spanish Empire if Carlos died without an heir,therefore even though Louis gave away Franche Comte he would soon regain it
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5
Q

what were the setbacks from the war of devolution (Aix la Chapelle)?

A
  • National security: gains created salients that defeated pre carre and could easily be attacked, the return of Franche Comte left Alsace vulnerable from its southern border
  • Diplomatic failure: the war caused Louis to be perceived as overly aggressive and was used as the grounds of the formation of the triple alliance
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6
Q

what were the dates of the dutch war?

A

1672-1678

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7
Q

what were the emotional reasons for the dutch war?

A
  • Hatred of dutch they were a republic and protestant therefore against his absolute monarchy
  • Louis could increase his gloire to become ‘the most Christian king’
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8
Q

what were the practical reasons for the Dutch war?

A
  • Lionne successfully isolated the Dutch by dismantling the triple alliance bt 1672 (Sweden and England were bought off)
  • All of Louis’ ministers supported it
  • The Dutch were a large French rival and had a monopoly over trade in the Baltic, Atlantic and Levant and were good at exploration
  • Louis wanted better pre carre
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9
Q

what was the course of the Dutch war

A

Initial French success
- Louis crossed the Rhine June 1672, capturing over 40 Dutch towns
- Rhine strongholds seized

First mistakes
- Louis rejects Conde’s offer to capture Amsterdam (he insisted on being there in person for the surrender of each Dutch town for gloire)
- He then rejected the generous peace terms from De Witt’s government (huge reparations, surrendering all territory South of River Maas, better than Nijmegen)
- Louis instead demanded to keep all captured territory, end of anti-french tariffs, Catholics to be able to worship publicly, reparations of 27 million livres all totally ridiculous
Dutch therefore had no choice but to fight on

Dutch find their footing
- They came back stronger and took Louis by surprise
- Opened dykes that flooded land between Amsterdam - ended French hopes of capturing it
- William of Orange overthrew Jan de Witt’s government, boosting French defence and frustrating Louis
- Louis had invading force of 280,000 but could not defeat Dutch decisively and French finances were totally drained in a stalemate
- From 1672 France was in a negative bank balance

Some small French wins
- 1673 saw French victories including Louis’ gain of Franche-Comte, gaining the capital Besancon
- Vauban also captured the powerful fortress of Maastricht in just 25 days

France loses popularity
- 1673 Munster and Cologne withdrew followed by England in 1674 that left France with no allies
- There was now growing French resentment across the continent
- They had violently destroyed crops, livestock, buildings, villages and towns which led to civilian refugees fleeing from French troops and a serious tarnishing of Louis’ image
- Because of this the Dutch gained new allies including Leopold, Lorraine and Spain

simplified:
- take 40 Dutch towns after crossing teh Rhine with lightning warfare
- Louis refuses Conde’s offer to take Amsterdam, wanting to be there in person and rejects De Witt’s generous peace terms
- Dutch come back, they flood the dykes and end all hopes of catching Amsterdam, De Witt is overthrown by William of Orange and the French cannot get a decisive win
- French come back, get Franche Comte and Vauban takes Maastricht in 25 days
- French seem overly violent (destroying crops and towns and leaving civilian refugees) and so Munster, Cologne and England leave so no allies left and more support the Dutch
- prominent ministers taken out, conde retired from gout and Turenne killed by stray cannonball

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10
Q

what setbacks did France face in the Dutch war?

A
  • France’s only ally Sweden was defeated by Brandenburg so France had to continue the war mostly alone
  • Prominent war ministers were taken out - Conde retired due to gout and Turenne was killed by a stray cannonball in July 1675
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11
Q

what were French gains from the Dutch war (treaty of Nijmegen)?

A
  • Gained towns in Flanders (Saint-Omer, Aire, Ypres, Cambrai and Valenciennes) to strengthen the north eastern border
  • Gained a 60km strip from Meuse that acted as a buffer zone for Calais, Dunkirk and Paris from the Spanish Netherlands (in return for giving back gorward bases in the Netherlands)
  • Confirms possession over Franche Comte
  • Retains towns in Alsace
  • Occupies Lorraine to block the Spanish road
  • The loss of some land actually improves pre carre
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12
Q

what were French setbacks from the Dutch war (treaty of Nijmegen)?

A
  • Gives back forward bases in the Spanish Netherlands in return for the 60km strip
  • Luxembourg remained in Habsburg control
  • All Dutch territory captured is surrendered
  • Key bridgehead fortresses (e.g. Luxembourg and Strasbourg) remain in Habsburg control
  • Less was gained than what was initially offered by De Witt in 1672
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13
Q

what are the dates of the war of Reunions?

A

1679-1684

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14
Q

what was the cause of the war of Reunions?

A

Louvois’ Hawkish policy
- Louvois was war minister and working with the similarly hawkish brother of Colbert, Colbert de Croissy
- The two of them exploited ambiguities in the 1648 Westphalia terms that becomes the policy of Reunions
- Territories on the Eastern border with the Spanish Netherlands begin to annexed to settle the ambiguities
- The Chambres des Reunions was set up to investigate legal means for claiming old lands
- It coincidentally found all French claims to be valid and the army moves to annex territories

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15
Q

what were French gains from Reunions (truce of ratisbon?)

A
  • The truce accepted France could retain territories gained through its policy of Reunions
  • France was also allowed to keep Strasbourg and Luxembourg for the next 20 years
  • Reunions also increased his domestic reputation massively - he had seemingly taken lots of land with little to no challenge
  • Catholics likes that Strasbourg was no longer Protestant and the Paris city gated depicted Louis as Hercules conquering his enemies
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16
Q

what were French setbacks from Reunions (truce of ratisbon)?

A
  • To the rest of Europe the policy seemed obviously offensive and they were outraged
  • Charles XI of Sweden broke off relations
  • Leibniz wrote Louis had lost all sense of legitimacy and produced ‘Mars Christianissimus’ as well as calling him the ‘Most Christian Turk’ for attacking Leopold when he was under pressure from the Ottomans
  • Leopold was seen as highly noble in contrast for defending Christendom
  • the truce was ended in just four years after Louis declared war on the Dutch republic at the start of the nine years war
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17
Q

what are the dates of the nine years war?

A

1688-1697

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18
Q

what were the causes of the nine years war?

A

1687: Louis quarrels with the Pope and Leopold about the policy of Reunions, demands it becomes permanent French territory and year later violently seizes the papal state of Avignon

September 1688: Cologne Archbishopric scandal, Louis tells Leopold he has 3 months to confirm Reunion gains, pay Lizelot for renouncing her claim and appoint Furstenburg, they do not and Louis invades Cologne and forces Fursteburg in, Baden and the Palatinate, confirming Leibniz’s image as the Most Christian Mars and Turk

1688-89: the Glorious Revolution

1689: Louis provided 6000 troops to James in the battle of the boyne but he is defeated

1689-90: French aggression in the palatinate sees Mannheim destroyed and Louvois raze 20 major towns to the ground including Worms

1690: bullies Duke of Savoy, subsequently joins Grand Alliance

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19
Q

overview of the course of the nine years war?

A
  1. grand alliance weakened
  2. France never successfully invaded due to strong military command (Luxembourg, Vendome, Vauban, Noailles)
  3. France still unable to achieve a decisive victory and all sides consider coming to a peace agreement

obviously the separate war in the new world

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20
Q

how was the grand alliance weakened?

A
  • it lacked a unified command
  • Sweden and Denmark withdrew in 1691
  • France bribed Savoy to withdraw in 1696
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21
Q

what were French military general’s successes in the nine years war?

A

Luxembourg:
- 1693: defeated William at Neerwinden that left him defending his policies in parliament

Vendome:
- 1697: took Barcelona forcing Spain out of the war with losses 97% higher than France’s

Vauban:
- 1691: captured Mons
- 1692: captured Namur

Noailles:
- 1693: captured key Spanish garrisons in Catalonia
- 1694: captured Ter, Palamos and Girona

22
Q

what happened at sea during the nine years war?

A
  • no side was able to dominate
  • Louis’ navy had some initial success such as the 1690 battle of beachy head against the british and dutch in which he gained temporary control of the English channel
  • but the french navy was defeated at La Hague in 1692
23
Q

what caused all sides to consider reaching a peace agreement in the nine years war?

A

French setbacks:
- William decisively defeated James at the battle of the boyne
- by 1695 France was financially exhausted
- the last great general Luxembourg died in the same year
- Villeroi replaced him and lived up to his reputation as incompetent and lost Namur in the Spanish Netherlands in 1695
- France also found that Vauban’s fortifications were not impregnable

Allied setback:
- William’s capture of Namur strengthened his reputation but brought not major breakthrough and lost lots of troops
- the allies were facing setbacks at sea and in the New World

24
Q

what successes did the French have in North America during the nine years war?

A
  • the governor general of new france constantly raided english settlements
  • the battle of fort loyal in 1690 killed over 200 english colonists
25
Q

what limitations did the French face in North America during the nine years war?

A
  • the French failed to capture their target of Boston
  • the british commander Sir William Phips captured Port Royal, the French capital of Nova Scotia (but the French later recaptured it)
26
Q

what happened in the carribean in the nine years war?

A
  • France lost gains in the Carribbean and progress was initially disappointing
  • from 1694 they had increasing success
  • Du Casse captured Jamaica in 1694
  • they seized Spanish treasure fleets which contributed to their overall victory with 91,000 silver pesos and 1.3 million livres worth of cacao
27
Q

what happened in India in the nine years war?

A
  • France did not do so well here
  • in 1693 19 Dutch ships forced France to surrender Pondicherry
28
Q

what gains did France make in the peace of Ryswick (nine years war)

A
  • gained Strasbourg and towns in lower Alsace
  • retained the right to march troops through Lorraine
  • Spain accepted French control over Western Hispaniola
  • Louis’ surrender of all land captured from Spain helped to alleviate his ‘tyrant’ image, which would help with his claims to Spanish inheritance
  • the return of Reunions lands to the Swedish and German Princes furthered this
  • France and England exchanged all colonial territory taken from each other, Pondicherry went back to France
29
Q

what losses did France have in the peace of Ryswick?

A
  • by abandoning James’ claim to the English throne Louis was forced to accept William as king and gave up Lizelot’s claim over the Palatinate
  • Lost all Reunions territory (except Strasbourg and 82 towns in lower Alsace) that weakened France’s eastern border
  • all gains on the right of the Rhine abandoned like Philipsburg that left Franche-Comte, Alsace and Strasbourg more vulnerable to attack
  • lost Lorraine which had been occupied by France for 30 years
  • Luxembourg, Catalonia and Barcelona returned to Spain
30
Q

what are the dates of the war of spanish succession?

A

1701-1714

31
Q

what happened in the first partition treaty and why did it fail?

A
  • presented in October 1698
  • renounced all claims of the dauphin in favour of his grandson Philip d’Anjou to remove fears of unification
  • William agreed to collaborate with Colbert de Torcy
  • Joseph Ferdinand got Iberian Spain, Spanish Netherlands, all Spanish colonies and Sardinia
  • Archduke Charles got Milan
  • Louis the Dauphin got Sicily, Naples, Tuscany and towns north of the Pyrenees

reasons for failure:
- Carlos did not want the Spanish kingdom to be divided and said all lands should go to Joseph Ferdinand
- Leopold said Charles wasn’t getting enough and was insulted he hadn’t been consulted in it’s drafting

32
Q

what happened in the second partition treaty and why did it fail?

A
  • agreed June 1699 and ratified in March 1700 in the treaty of London
  • Archduke Charles got Spain, the low countiers and all overseas Spanish colonies
  • Duke of Lorraine got Milan
  • Louis the dauphin got Lorraine and all italian lands except Milan

reasons for failure:
- Leopold still condemned the plan and saw no reason to give away italian land
- Carlos secretly drafted a new will in October 1700 that named Philip as sole heir so long as he renounced his French claim
- if he refused all land would go to Charles under the same conditions
- Leopold and William opposed and all sides moved to war

33
Q

following the two partition treaties what other events occurred that caused the nine year war?

A

November 1700:
- Louis announced his acceptance of Carlos’ will
- Leopold and William feared he would not divide the two kingdoms

February 1701:
- announced Philip would retain his claim to the French throne registered by Parlement
- started joint defence arrangements with Madrid in 1700
- sent French troops to occupy Dutch garrisons violating the peace of Ryswick

August 1701:
- ordered Philip to grant the asiento (right to import slaves into South America) to the French Guinea company
- bought the right for trade companies to trade in the Spanish Empire which the English wanted for themselves

October 1701:
- Louis published an edict that banned most English goods and put taxes on the rest

September 1701:
- the formation of the second grand alliance through the treaty of the hague with the goals of preventing the union of France and Spain and splitting up the Spanish empire
- nine days after the formation of the alliance Louis recognised James III, son of James II as king of England violating terms of the peace of Ryswick

simplified:
- accepted Carlos’ will
- was annoying (said Philip would keep his claim to the throne, started joint defence arrangmenets with Spain and sent troops to occupy Dutch forts)
- interefered with trade (the asiento and trade companies)
- put taxes or bans on English products
- recognises James II as king
- the second grand alliance is formed

34
Q

what happened in the battle of Blenheim (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • 1704
  • led by Malborough
  • crushed Louis’ army leading to 20,000 French casualties
  • France lost its reputation of invincibility
  • the 1702-1705 Cevennes revolt was going on during this time depriving France of its best general Villars and an extra 20,000 troops
35
Q

what happened at the battle of Ramilllies (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • 1706
  • Malborough led the battle again, seizing Menin which was fortified by Vauban
  • saw 12,000 French casualties, Villeroi’s poor leadership much to blame
  • In Northern Italy Eugene of Savoy led the siege of Turin costing France control of Italy
  • but the allies failed to fulfil their main aim of overthrowing Philip
36
Q

what hapened in 1707 (war of spanish succession)?

A

setbacks:
- lost key French fortresses like Pavia and Milan
- Austrians stood on French soil after besieging Toulons

gains:
- Villars managed to break the supposedly impregnable allied lines at Stollhofen without casualties
- Spain’s loss of Milan was offset by victory at Almanza, inflicting casualties on over 50% of the allied army and strengthened Philip’s hold over Spain

37
Q

what happened at the battle of oudenaarde (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • 1708
  • Louis’ army suffered 5000 desertions and 15,000 casualties, more than triple the allied total
  • they captured Lille and expelled French forces from almost all of the Spanish Netherlands
38
Q

what happened at the battle of Malplaquet (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • 1709
  • a pyrrhic victory for Malborough

setbacks:
- Villars knee is shattered
- Malborough captured Mons

gains:
- the battle left Malborough’s troops too weak to move past Mons with casualties that made up around 25% of his force
- allied greed had led to the rejection of the peace Louis had wanted since 1706
- their extreme peace terms (including asking Louis to invade Spain to depose Philip) meant Louis had no choice but to keep on fighting

39
Q

what happened in 1710 (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • sweeping victories ended the allied threat in Spain permanently
  • the Tories took over the government in England and committed themselves to ending the increasingly costly war in Europe
40
Q

what happened in 1711 (war of spanish succession)?

A

April:
- Emperor Joseph died
- his brother Charles VI undermined the allied rationale: if he became Spanish king he would also be Habdburg Emperor
- this softened attitudes towards coming to a negotiated peace settlement

December:
- Malborough was accused of pursuing the war for his own gains by the Tories and was sacked

41
Q

what happened in 1712 (war of spanish succession)?

A
  • Villars defeated Eugene at Denain
  • France retook Douai, Quesnoy and Bouchain, restoring its pre carre and strengthened Louis’ hand for negotiating peace
42
Q

what were the five reasons for French downturn in the war of spanish succession from 1704 to 1709?

A
  1. military losses caused by poor tacticians
  2. good allied leadership
  3. loss of allies
  4. poor french finances
  5. the harsh 1708 winter and the subsequent famine
43
Q

what were the three reasons for French resurgence from 1709?

A
  • impossible peace terms that forced Louis to keep fighting
  • french military successes
  • allied setbacks
44
Q

what gains were made in the Peace of Utrecht 1713?

A
  • Louis gave very little away to the Dutch, they were only given the right to garrison some forts along the river scheldt
  • France retained Strasbourg, Alsace, Franche-Comte and Dunkirk
  • the lands given to Charles were not as much as he wanted
  • Philip remained king of spain, more than Louis bargained for in either of the partition treaties of the peace terms of 1709 and defeated the primary allied goal of having a habsburg on the throne
  • the fact that France had not been entirely defeated and even made some gains in the face of such a formidable allied front was a gain in itself
45
Q

what were the losses from the peace of Utrecht 1713?

A
  • French influence throughout Europe was in decline
  • lost influence in the Spanish Netherlands
  • Emperor Charles had massive gains such as Milan, Sardinia and Naples
  • Louis was forced to abandon his claims along the easter border including Luxembourg
  • loss of Lorraine and Savoy left Alsace vulnerable
  • Philip d’Anjou had to renounce his claims to the French throne causing a vulnerable French succession after the death of the dauphin and his sons
46
Q

regency council: french failure

A
  • due to Frondes
  • frontline troops withdraw to deal with internal conflicts
  • Conde, Turenne and Gaston turn on crown
  • Mazarin’s diplomacy ends
47
Q

regency council: initial french success

A

1643: Conde’s battle at Rocroi
1644: Turenne key fortifications in the Rhineland
1645: Mazarins diplomacy (peace between sweden and denmark, polish alliance, Rakoszcy)
1648: battle of lens resulting in peace of westphalia

48
Q

regency council: french success again

A

1653: siege of Rocroi by Conde with Spain, success by Turenne
1655: Turenne defeats Conde at Landrecies and treaty of Westminster
1658: battle of the Dunes stops spanish offensive in flanders with support of english
1659: peace of the pyrenees

49
Q

regency council: the peace of westphalia 1648

french gains, french ally gains and issues

A

french gains:
- control over Metz, Toule and Verdun
- Right to garrison in Philipsburg
- possession of Pinerolo buffer from northern italy
- sovereignty over 10 french imperial cities

french ally gains:
- sweden gets control of german coastline
- Hohenzollerns gain towns to undermine Habsburgs
- German elector princes in the HRE granted independence

issues:
- came too late, took four years to negotiate
- e.g. in 1646 Mazarin took on a campaign against Spain in Italy instead of prioritising peace

50
Q

regency council: peace of the pyrenees 1659

A

french gains:
- towns in the north and south
- control over Luxembourg
- marriage alliance with Maria Theresa of Spain (Mazarin’s diplomacy, pretends he wants to marry Duke of Savoy’s daughter, will renounce claims for impossible sum)

Mazarin convinces Europe France wants a balance of power:
- handed back Dunkirk and Mendyke to the English
- pardoned Conde and confirmed Spanish possession over Catalonia

AQA A-Level History: Louis XIV (13 decks)

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