treaties

Question 1

the peace of westphalia

Answer 1

gains:
- Metz, Toule and Verdun
- right to garrison in towns along the Rhine like Philipsburg
- gained Alsace which protected Franche Comte from Habsburg attack
- sovereignty over 10 imperial cities
- Pinerolo as a buffer zone to Northern Italy

losses:
- Lorraine remained independent
- Strasbourg remained in control of the Habsburgs

Question 2

Aix La Chapelle

Answer 2

gains:
- returned Franche Comte in return for all other land gained
- e.g. Lille, Saint-Omer and Charleroi
- this strengthened the NE border, with gains fortified by Vauban
- the secret treaty of Gremonville with Leopold

losses:
- some gains created salients
- the war caused Louis to be perceived as overly aggressive

Question 3

Nijmegen

Answer 3

gains:
- gained Franche Comte
- gained a 60km buffer strip that protected Calias, Dunkirk and Paris
- gained towns in Flanders such as Ypres, Saint-Omer, Cambrai and Valenciennes
- the loss of some land improved pre carre

losses:
- key bridgehead fortresses remained in Habsburg control
- less was gained than was offered by De Witt in 1672
- all dutch territory surrendered
- had to give back forward bases in return for the 60km buffer strip

Question 4

Ratisbon

Answer 4

gains:
- France was able to keep territories gained under the policy of Reunions
- they could keep Strasbourg and Luxembourg for the next 20 years
- it was a popular domestic policy (taken land with little resistance, Catholics liked Strasbourg was no longer Protestant, Paris gates depicted Louis as Hercules)

losses:
- to the rest of Europe it seemed an obviously aggressive policy
- Charles XI of Sweden broke off relations
- Leibniz made his criticisms
- Leopold was seen as highly noble in contrast

Question 5

gains and losses from the peace of ryswick?

I’m so, so, so sorry

Answer 5

gains:
- Strasbourg and towns in lower Alsace
- the surrender of all reunions land helped weaken his tyrant image that helped claims to the spanish inheritance and made his choices seem voluntary
- Spain accepted control over western hispaniola
- France and England exchange all land taken from each other
- Pondicherry restored to France

lost:
- loss of all Reunions territory except Strasbourg and 82 towns in lower Alsace that weakened the eastern border
- all gains right of the rhine returned again weakening east
- lost Lorraine which had been occupied by France for 30 years
- Luxembourg, Catalonia and Barcelona returned to Spain
- Louis had to recognise William as king and abandon James’
- he was also forced to abandon Liselot’s claim to the Palatinate

Question 6

the treaty of utrecht

Answer 6

gains:
- France retained Strasbourg, Alsace, Franche Comte and Lille, Aire and Dunkirk
- French colonial losses were not that significant
- very little was given to the dutch and their debts increased by 83%
- lands gained by Charles did not satisy his ambitions
- the fact France made any gains in the face of such a formidable enemy is impressive
- Philip remained king of spain, more than was offered in either the partition treaties or the 1709 offer, the main aim of the grand alliance was to have a Habsburg on the throne)

losses:
- Louis had to abandon claims along the eastern border including Luxembourg and Philipsburg
- Philip had to renounce his claim to the French throne causing a shaky succession
- the British gained many overseas territories

Question 7

the peace of the pyrenees

Answer 7

gains:
- towns in the NE (e.g. Gravelines and Landrrecies)
- Luxembourg and Lorraine
- long stretches of land along the Rhine
- marriage alliance with Maria Theresa (500,000 ecus)
- Mazarin created the appearance of diplomacy by handing back Dunkirk and Mendyke to the English, pardoning Conde and abandoning support for Catalonia