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modern history > War and Revolution (1914-1919) > Flashcards

War and Revolution (1914-1919) Flashcards

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1
Q

World War I

A

1914-1918

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2
Q

Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by the Serbian nationalist Princip

A

June 28, 1914. heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. murdered in a visit to Sarajevo. Princip was a fanatical member of the radical Black Hand.

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3
Q

beginning of the war

A

August 1914

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4
Q

Battle of Marne; German victories on the Eastern front

A

September 1914. French attacked a gap in the German lines. Germans fell back in the end. with both sides stalled they began to dig trenches for protection from machine gun fire.

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5
Q

Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers

A

October 1914

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6
Q

Italy joins Triple Entante; Lusitania is sunken by German submarine; Germany halts unrestricted submarine warfare; Battle of Gallipoli

A
  1. British tried and failed to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople.
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7
Q

Armenian genocide; German armies occupy large parts of east-central Europe

A

1915-1918

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8
Q

Battles of Verdun and Somme

A
  1. Somme was a British offensive in northern France it had a weeklong heavy artillery bombardment on the German lines. on July 1 the British went to the no man’s land. the germans emerged from their dugouts and slaughtered the offenders.
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9
Q

antiwar movement spreads throughout Europe; Arab rebellion against Ottoman Empire

A

1916-1918

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10
Q

Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare

A

1917

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11
Q

February Revolution in Russia

A

March 1917

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12
Q

USA enters the war

A

April 1917

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13
Q

Battle of Caporetto

A

October-November 1917. Italian army collapsed.

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14
Q

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia; Balfour Declaration on Jewish homeland in Palestine

A

November 1917. Balfour declaration was a British statement that declared British support of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

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15
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; revolution in Germany

A
  1. peace treaty signed in March 1918 between the Central powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in WWI and ceded Russian territories containing a third of the Russian Empire’s population to the Central Powers. Weimar Republic was established in Germany.
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16
Q

Civil War in Russia

A

1918-1920

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17
Q

Treaty of Versailles; Allies invade Turkey

A
  1. peace settlement that ended the war between Germany and allied powers. the Big Three controlled the conference.
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18
Q

Treaty of Lausanne recognizes Turkish independence

A

1923

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19
Q

Russia enters WWI

A

August 1914

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20
Q

Tsarist government in crisis

A

1916-1917

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21
Q

February Revolution; establishment of provisional government; tsar abdicates

A

March 1917. provisional government in March 12, 1917.
February revolution was an unplanned uprising accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government.

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22
Q

Lenin returns from the exile

A

April 1917

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23
Q

Bolshevik attempt to seize power fails

A

July 1917

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24
Q

Bolsheviks gain majority in the Petrograd Soviet

A

October 1917

25
Q

Bolsheviks seize power; Lenin named head of the new Communist government

A

November 6-7, 1917

26
Q

Trotsky becomes head of the Red Army

A

March 1918

27
Q

Lenin and Bolshevik-Communists take control of Russia

A

1920

28
Q

growing international conflict

A

Bismarck plan to preserve peace included keeping France diplomatically and isolated, keep Austria-Hungary and Russia in check

29
Q

Wilhelm II

A

German emperor. he dismissed Bismarck and the alliance system began to break down. Russia and France allied and Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary did too. Great Britain remained uncommitted and rivalry (commercial, colonial, naval) with Germany intensified. As a result GB improved relations with the US, Japan, France.

30
Q

Moroccan Crisis

A
  1. Germany walked away with empty hands and other big powers began to see it as a threat.
31
Q

the mood of 1914

A

widespread militarism and nationalism made people believed that international arena was a perfect set to test national power.military institutions had significant roles. armed forces were built up in every nation and mobilization plans were designed.
as people had no idea how destructive modern weaponry could be they still saw war as heroic, glorious, manly. politicians used the war to diverge attention away from domestic conflicts.

32
Q

outbreak of war

A

ethnic nationalism in the Balkans was pointing towards a war but what kind remained the question until the assassination. five weeks after the assassination was a period of intense diplomacy. On July 23 Austria gave Serbia an unconditional ultimatum that would violate their sovereignty. on July 28 Austria declared war on Serbia. Germany promised to stand by Austria. On July 29 Nicholas II declared war on Germany and Austria. August 4th, GB declared war on Germany.

33
Q

First Balkan War

A
  1. Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire and then fought with Bulgaria over the spoils of victory.
34
Q

Second Balkan War

A
  1. Bulgaria attacked its former allies. Austria made Serbia give up Albania.
35
Q

Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg

A

Wilhelm II’s chancellor.

36
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning to Russia.

37
Q

total war

A

a war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic and social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons.

38
Q

stalemate and slaughter on the western front

A

by the end of August Germans were advancing slowly due to Belgian opposition. local resistance was dealt with harshly in fear of getting attacked behind the lines. the generals struggled to understand the new type of trench warfare. same mistakes were repeated for years.

39
Q

trench warfare

A

a type of fighting used in WWI behind rows of trenches, mines, barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal. conditions in the trenches were atrocious. the battle was impersonal, deadly and traumatic.

40
Q

the widening war

A

in the east trench warfare did not develop as fast and Germans dominated for a long time (Tannenberg, Masurian Lakes). to govern all the taken territories the Germans applied extensive military bureaucracy. anti-slavic prejudice dominated; prisoners of war and refugees used as forced labor. neutral countries were brought into the war. Ottoman involvement brought the war to Middle East and fighting over Caucasus was the main show.

41
Q

Hussein ibn-Ali

A

1856-1931. the chief magistrate of Mecca who was influenced by the British to revolt against the Ottomans. in 1916 he revolted.

42
Q

mobillizing for total war

A

each country realized quite soon that men and weapons were needed. national leaders began to intervene in society and economy. mobilizing plans, ration programs, care for war widows and veterans were all state led. news were controlled and free market capitalism was temporarily abandoned.

43
Q

the social impact

A

national conscription and exposed many to foreign lands. demand for workers made sure that females made it into the labor force (and became more visible in the public eye) and gave more prestige and power to labor unions. at war’s end, however, women were again forced out of the workplace. sexual morality loosened. in many regions women gained the right to vote immediately after the war. to an extent, greater social equality was promoted by the war.

44
Q

growing political tensions

A

in 1916 people started to gear up against the war. protests and strikes took place all over. Liebknecht in Germany, Clemenceau in France, great Eastern Rising in Ireland, Russian Revolution.
soldiers’ morale began to wane.

45
Q

the fall of imperial Russia

A

by 1915 many Russian soldiers (peasant army) went to the front without weapons. the problem also lied within weak leadership. in Nicholas’s absence, Alexandra dismissed loyal political advisers and relied on the unpopular Rasputin. soldiers deserted, food shortages spread, fuel was in short supply and economy was breaking down.

46
Q

the provisional government

A

equality before law, freedoms of religion, speech and assembly, rights of unions to organize and strike.
failed to take Russia out of the war which proved to be the biggest mistake. Petrograd soviet acted as a parallel government.

47
Q

the Petrograd Soviet

A

a huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.

48
Q

Lenin and the Bolshevik revolution

A

Lenin was a law student. he was a pragmatic and flexible thinker. he stressed the necessity for a violent revolution. he also argued that a communist revolution was possible even in an agrarian society when certain conditions were met. he also believed that the possibility of revolution was determined more by human leadership.

49
Q

bolsheviks

A

Lenin’s radical, revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxist socialism, which successfully installed a dictatorial socialist regime in Russia.

50
Q

Trotsky and the seizure of Power

A

a special military-revolutionary committee was created and Trotsky became its leader. military power had thus been dropped into Bolshevik hands.
they received power due to the descent into anarchy, Trotsky and Lenin were strong and determined leaders, ordinary Russians found the policies appealing.

51
Q

dictatorship and civil war

A

Lenin was good at profiting from situations that were out of Bolshevik’s control. As people started to realize that instead of self-rule they were getting another dictatorship the White opposition was formed. it was made up of many social groups and united only in their hatred against communism and the Red army.
Bolsheviks won due to a better army, foreign military intervention, Red control over the center of Russia (the most strategically useful part), revolutionary terror, war communism.

52
Q

war communism

A

the application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduces rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.

53
Q

the end of the war

A

germans were stopped at the second battle of Marne in which the US troops helped to dip the scales in favor of the Allied forces. November 3rd: revolution in Germany pushed Wilhelm to abdicate and the German Republic was announced in November 9th. armstcie went into effect on November 11th.

54
Q

Fourteen Points

A

Wilson’s 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, a reduction in armaments, freedom of commerce and trade, the establishment of the League of Nations, and national self-determination.

55
Q

League of Nations

A

a permanent international organization, established during 1919 Paris Peace Conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars.

56
Q

national self-determination

A

the notion that peoles should be able to choose their own national government through democratic majority rule elections and live free from outside interference in nation states with clearly defined borders.

57
Q

war guilt clause

A

an article in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting.

58
Q

peace settlement in the Middle East

A

allies dismantled the Ottoman Empire, and increased their influence in the region. France and Britain dishonoured their wartime promises to local leaders.

59
Q

mandate system

A

the plan to allow Britian and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the end of WWI.

modern history (11 decks)

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