Ideologies and Upheavals (1815-1850) Flashcards
Metternich
serves as Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848. he was born into landed nobility and was an internationally oriented aristocrat who made a brilliant diplomatic career. he was quite conservative and pessimistic in his view on human nature.
“On Germany”
Germaine de Stael publishes the book in 1810.
Congress of Vienna
from 1814-1815. Quadruple alliance agreed to meet to fashion a general peace accord. they made sure to think of the balance of power, boundaries of territories, restoration.
Revision of the British Corn Laws, formation of the Holy Alliance
in 1815 Austria, Prussia and Russia formed the Holy Alliance. it worked to stifle reformist and revolutionary movements and desires for national independence.
Napoleon defeated
Happens at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815.
Karlsband Decrees
issued by the German Confederation in 1819 under pressure from the Holy Alliance. it outlawed the liberal political organizations and established a permanent committee with spies and informers.
Congress of Troppau
in 1820. proclaims the principle of intervention to maintain autocratic regimes. it was prompted by the revolutionary activity in Spain.
Austria crushes a liberal revolution in Naples and restores Sicilian autocracy
in 1821. power went back to Ferdinand I.
French armies restore Spanish crown
in 1823.
1830
Greece wins independence from the Ottomans.
France invades Algeria.
Charles X repudiates the Constitutional Charter; insurrection and collapse of government follow.
Louis Philippe succeeds the throne and maintains a narrowly liberal regime.
Reform Bill
accepted in Britain in 1832. it was a major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
“The Organization of Work”
published by socialist Louis Blanc in 1839.
“What is Property?”
published by anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1840.
Great Famine in Ireland
from 1845-1851. the result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s.
Ten Hours Act
accepted in Britain in 1847. made sure to limit the work day to ten hours for women and children.
1848
Revolutions in France, Austria, Prussia.
Marx and Engels publish “The Communist Manifesto.”
the European balance of power
the peace that was being negotiated at the Conference of Vienna was heavily dosed with participants’ self-interest and traditional ideas about the balance of power.
it meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or the domination of Europe by any single state.
the balance of power was not put in place only to keep France in check put also to settle any possibly dangerous disputes between the Quadruple Alliance countries.
Metternich and conservatism
Metternich blamed liberalism and middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes. he fiercely protected the Church and autocracy. he opposed the idea of national self-determination under a liberal constitutional government because it threatened the Austrian empire.
repressing the revolutionary spirit
the strong monarchies crusaded against the liberties and civil rights associated with the French and American revolutions.
limits to conservative power and revolution in South America
the revolutions first started from below but in 1820s elites rose up, took control of the movement and broke away from the Spanish crown. they established a number of new republics based at first on liberal enlightenment ideas. the leaders of the revolution were mostly wealthy Creoles. Bolivar’s Gran Colombia (1819-1830). in 1840 the map looked much like the modern one.
liberal constitutions soon gave way to new political systems controlled by caudillos. they ruled limited territories on the basis of military strength, family patronage, populist politics.
liberalism and the middle class
in 1815 only France and Great Britain had realized any of the liberal aspects. this movement was supported heavily by the new upper classes. in the first half of the 19th century liberal ideas became closely related to narrow class interests. some more extreme groups started to vouch for republicanism. republicans were more willing to endorse violent upheavals. they also might've supported government action in some cases.
laissez fair
a doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
the growing appeal of nationalism
it was another radical idea which became immensely popular post 1815. in the early 19th century, however, national unity was a dream more than reality.
nationalism in multiethnic states proved dangerous as it could promote disintegration.
nationalism rose to such importance largely thanks to the development of complex industrial and urban societies.
between 1815-1850 most nationalists were also liberals or republicans.
early nationalists emphasized the us vs them mentality.
nationalism
the idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
