Ideologies and Upheavals (1815-1850)

Question 1

Metternich

Answer 1

serves as Austrian foreign minister from 1809-1848. he was born into landed nobility and was an internationally oriented aristocrat who made a brilliant diplomatic career. he was quite conservative and pessimistic in his view on human nature.

Question 2

“On Germany”

Answer 2

Germaine de Stael publishes the book in 1810.

Question 3

Congress of Vienna

Answer 3

from 1814-1815. Quadruple alliance agreed to meet to fashion a general peace accord. they made sure to think of the balance of power, boundaries of territories, restoration.

Question 4

Revision of the British Corn Laws, formation of the Holy Alliance

Answer 4

in 1815 Austria, Prussia and Russia formed the Holy Alliance. it worked to stifle reformist and revolutionary movements and desires for national independence.

Question 5

Napoleon defeated

Answer 5

Happens at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815.

Question 6

Karlsband Decrees

Answer 6

issued by the German Confederation in 1819 under pressure from the Holy Alliance. it outlawed the liberal political organizations and established a permanent committee with spies and informers.

Question 7

Congress of Troppau

Answer 7

in 1820. proclaims the principle of intervention to maintain autocratic regimes. it was prompted by the revolutionary activity in Spain.

Question 8

Austria crushes a liberal revolution in Naples and restores Sicilian autocracy

Answer 8

in 1821. power went back to Ferdinand I.

Question 9

French armies restore Spanish crown

Answer 9

in 1823.

Question 10

1830

Answer 10

Greece wins independence from the Ottomans.
France invades Algeria.
Charles X repudiates the Constitutional Charter; insurrection and collapse of government follow.
Louis Philippe succeeds the throne and maintains a narrowly liberal regime.

Question 11

Reform Bill

Answer 11

accepted in Britain in 1832. it was a major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

Question 12

“The Organization of Work”

Answer 12

published by socialist Louis Blanc in 1839.

Question 13

“What is Property?”

Answer 13

published by anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1840.

Question 14

Great Famine in Ireland

Answer 14

from 1845-1851. the result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s.

Question 15

Ten Hours Act

Answer 15

accepted in Britain in 1847. made sure to limit the work day to ten hours for women and children.

Question 16

1848

Answer 16

Revolutions in France, Austria, Prussia.

Marx and Engels publish “The Communist Manifesto.”

Question 17

the European balance of power

Answer 17

the peace that was being negotiated at the Conference of Vienna was heavily dosed with participants’ self-interest and traditional ideas about the balance of power.
it meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or the domination of Europe by any single state.
the balance of power was not put in place only to keep France in check put also to settle any possibly dangerous disputes between the Quadruple Alliance countries.

Question 18

Metternich and conservatism

Answer 18

Metternich blamed liberalism and middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes. he fiercely protected the Church and autocracy. he opposed the idea of national self-determination under a liberal constitutional government because it threatened the Austrian empire.

Question 19

repressing the revolutionary spirit

Answer 19

the strong monarchies crusaded against the liberties and civil rights associated with the French and American revolutions.

Question 20

limits to conservative power and revolution in South America

Answer 20

the revolutions first started from below but in 1820s elites rose up, took control of the movement and broke away from the Spanish crown. they established a number of new republics based at first on liberal enlightenment ideas. the leaders of the revolution were mostly wealthy Creoles. Bolivar’s Gran Colombia (1819-1830). in 1840 the map looked much like the modern one.
liberal constitutions soon gave way to new political systems controlled by caudillos. they ruled limited territories on the basis of military strength, family patronage, populist politics.

Question 21

liberalism and the middle class

Answer 21

in 1815 only France and Great Britain had realized any of the liberal aspects. this movement was supported heavily by the new upper classes. 
in the first half of the 19th century liberal ideas became closely related to narrow class interests. some more extreme groups started to vouch for republicanism. republicans were more willing to endorse violent upheavals. they also might've supported government action in some cases.

Question 22

laissez fair

Answer 22

a doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Question 23

the growing appeal of nationalism

Answer 23

it was another radical idea which became immensely popular post 1815. in the early 19th century, however, national unity was a dream more than reality.
nationalism in multiethnic states proved dangerous as it could promote disintegration.
nationalism rose to such importance largely thanks to the development of complex industrial and urban societies.
between 1815-1850 most nationalists were also liberals or republicans.
early nationalists emphasized the us vs them mentality.

Question 24

nationalism

Answer 24

the idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

Question 25

socialism

Answer 25

a backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.

Question 26

the foundations of modern socialism

Answer 26

socialism was more radical and nationalism and liberalism. early socialists felt the need to help the poor. they believed that private property should be regulated by the government or abolished and replaced with state/community ownership.
utopian socialists: groups of socialists whose ideas were impossible to realize.
anarchism was even more radical. it denounces any form of government and is very prone to violence.
socialism became quite popular among the working class as industrialization advanced.

Question 27

the birth of Marxist socialism

Answer 27

Marx gained a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1841 and turned to journalism. due to his critical articles of the laboring poor he was forced to flee Prussia in 1843. he also published “Capital” in 1867.
his work united sociology, economics, philosophy, and history. he pushed the liberal ideas in a radical direction as he was influenced by utopian socialists.

Question 28

Marxism

Answer 28

an influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state. this socialist idea saw a pattern in historical development and the pattern was th same everywhere.

Question 29

bourgeoisie

Answer 29

the middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.

Question 30

proletariat

Answer 30

the industrial working-class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

Question 31

the tenets of romanticism

Answer 31

explored the idea of love, desire, hatred, guilt, despair. romantics valued intuition and nostalgia. romantics valued religious ecstasy and delved into the supernatural and inner world.
romantics regarded nature highly. study of history became a romantic obsession. middle ages were idealized. romantics were great individualists.

Question 32

romanticism

Answer 32

an artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Question 33

romantic literature

Answer 33

poetry was the most common genre. novels were also common. they were written in more simplistic language so that more people could access it. romantic literature reflected people’s histories, cultures, unique greatness. they also focused more on folklore and common people.

Question 34

romanticism in art and music

Answer 34

nature, remote and exotic areas were the main aspects that painters wanted to emphasize. musicians and composers explored sensibility. they abandoned rigid forms and tried out new, complex musical landscapes. the size of orchestras grew to connect better with the emotions and portray powerful feelings.

Question 35

national liberation in Greece

Answer 35

open revolt started in 1821 led by A. Ypsilanti. the greek cause found itself supported by powerful forces. in 1827 Britain, Russia, France yielded to popular demands and pushed the Ottomans to agree to an armistice. Greece was declared independent in 1830 but put a German prince on the king’s throne in 1832.

Question 36

liberal reform in Great Britain

Answer 36

in Britain a process of gradual reform took place. by 1780s there was increasing interest in some kind of political reform and organized union movements started to emerge. in 1815 open conflict ensued to the revisions in the Corn Law. in 1817 Six Acts were put out which prohibited mass meetings and controlled press. in the 1820s the Tory government moved in the direction of better urban administration, greater economic liberalism, civil equality for Catholics, and limited imports of foreign grain. the House of Commons emerged as the all-important legislative body after the Reform Bill. Chartists started to demand universal male suffrage in 1830s/’40s. mass participation in unions made possible a popular crusade led by fighting liberals. when England was saved from the famine it focused even more on the doctrine of free trade.

Question 37

Corn Laws

Answer 37

British law governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Question 38

Battle of Peterloo

Answer 38

the army’s violent suppression of a protest that took place at St Peter’s Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.

Question 39

Ireland and the Great famine

Answer 39

in Ireland landlords used their power to grab as much profit as possible. even though conditions in Ireland were terrible, population still grew. the potato was largely responsible for such developments. it was also a reason why the rural poor still married early. from 1820s onward the potato crop saw deficiencies and diseases which caused the people to delve into hunger. the British government reacted slowly and relief efforts were inadequate. The Famine intensified the nationalistic movement.

Question 40

the revolution of 1830 in France

Answer 40

After Napoleon Louis pointed as his ministers moderate royalists. Louis Charter was liberal but hardly democratic. Charles X, a conservative reactionary made things worse. to restore the old regime France turned to the military.
Charles X repudiated the Constitutional Charter in 1830 which had an immediate reaction of insurrection in the capital. Louis Philippe was placed on the throne. He accepted the Charter of 1814 and adopted the tricolor, but those symbolic demands were the only actions taken and nothing else changed.

Question 41

A democratic republic in France

Answer 41

agrarian crisis that began in 1846 was not responded to by the government. the government’s failures united a diverse group of opponents against the king. on January 22, 1848 workers, students began the action. on January 24, the National Guard joined them.
a provisional republic was announced and the crowd approved. this republic was supposed to provide universal male suffrage.
at this stage there were clashing sides: moderate liberal republicans, radical republicans, urban artisans. soon all socialists were excluded from the Constituent Assembly and it sparked another attempt at revolution. the seemingly helpful Parisian workshops were closed down. After the failed revolt of June Days the republican army was triumphant. the failed revolution ended in a semi-authoritarian rule.

Question 42

revolution and reaction in the Austrian Empire

Answer 42

The revolution began in Hungary in March 1848 and followed by an uprising in Lombardy-Venetia. When it seemed that the revolutionaries had a sure win in the pockets the true weakness and lack of stability within their ranks failed them. abolished serfdom left many peasants uninterested in politics and social issues still sharp in cities. the desire for national autonomy enabled the monarchy to play one ethnic groups against the other. Franz Joseph became the emperor in December 1848 and with the help of Nicholas I the last of the rebels were squashed.

Question 43

Prussia, the German Confederation, and the Frankfurt National Parliament.

Answer 43

in March 1848 people called fro liberal reforms and national parliament and many regional rulers quickly gave in. while the conservatives tried to push the king to react elections were held across the Confederation for a national parliament. by early 1849 all liberal attempts were pushed back and royal authority was restored. in 1850 Austria and Russia forced all schemes for unification out.

Question 44

Greater Germany

Answer 44

a liberal plan for German unification that included the German speaking parts of the Austrian empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.