The Age of Nationalism (1850-1914) Flashcards
Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman empire
from 1839-1876.a set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman empire on a western model.
Reign of Napoleon III in France
from 1852-1870. He gained much more votes then other candidates because of his name, because people wanted a tough ruler who could provide stability, and because he enunciated a positive program for France before the elections.
Unification of Italy
from 1859-1870.
Freeing of Russian serfs
in 1861. Reform pushed by Alexander II.
US civil war
from 1861-1865. south was decisively defeated and the Union was preserved.
Austro-Prussian war
in 1866. the war lasted only 7 weeks. the decisive win came in the battle of Sadowa. Austria received generous peace terms. the North German confederation was created with Prussia as its master.
Franco-Prussian war, unification of Germany
from 1870-1871. France had to deal with harsh peace terms. relations between the two states became bitter after 1871, especially due to the loss of Alsace and Lorraine.
Kulturkampf
from 1870-1878. Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany, resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility.
Stock market crash
as a result anti-Semitism starts to gain prominence, especially in central and eastern Europe in 1873.
Educational reforms in France
in 1880s. they create a secular public school system.
return to protectionism
widely spread across Europe from 1880s-1890s.
First social security laws in Germany
passed in 1883 and provided workers with national sickness insurance. in 1884 accident insurance was added. in 1889 old age pensions and retirement benefits were established.
Second surge of Russian Industrialization
initiated by Witte between 1890-1900. he used Westerners to catch up with the west (foreign investments).
Bloody Sunday in Russia
in 1905. a massacre of peaceful protestors at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, which triggered a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.
Social Reform in Great Britain
from 1906-1914.
Young Turks
fervent patriots who seizes power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.
France’s second republic
Napoleon III was elected because he promoted national unity and social progress. he began his four-year term by making conservative changes but in 1851 he illegally dismissed the legislature and seized power in a coup d’etat. the military helped to squash any opposition. universal male suffrage was restored and soon Napoleon became a hereditary emperor.
Napoleon III’s Second Empire
his rule experienced both failures and successes.
in the 1850s his policies resulted in economic growth. until the mid- 1860s he enjoyed the support of urban workers. also in the 1860s, Napoleon gave the workers the right to form unions and the right to strike.
Napoleon restricted but did not abolish the newly reformed Assembly. in 1857 and 1863 government-backed candidates experienced electoral victories but in the 1860s the system started to fail. in 1869 the opposition gained almost 45% of the vote.
in 1870 Napoleon granted France a new constitution which combined a basically parliamentary regime with a hereditary emperor as a chief of state.
Italy to 1850
in 1848 an idea of a unified Italy strongly emerged. some wanted to achieve unification through radicalism and idealism (G. Mazzini), some through religion (V. Gioberti), some through autocratic rule (Victor Emmanuel II).
Victor Emmanuel was crowned in 1849 and retained a liberal constitution. Italy was a mix of strong monarchy with a parliamentary government. The papacy opposed unification and modernization starting with Pope Pius IX for several decades to come.
Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
Cavour served as prime minister of Sardinia-Piedemont from 1852-1861. until 1859 he sought to unify only the Northern and maybe central areas of Italy. He also established a secret alliance with Napoleon III in 1858 to drive out Austria (defeated in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino). in 1860s Napoleon’s lost support was regained and northern Italy, thanks to the popular support of pro-unification nationalists, was united under Victor Emmanuel.
Garibaldi was even more patriotic and saw the unification process as only halfway done. he successfully liberated Sicily and thanks to Cavour they joined the kingdom of Sardinia. the north and south were united and prolonged conflict and radicalism was avoided.
red shirts
the guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.
Growing Austro-Prussian rivalry
economic differences exacerbated the rivalry that had been prominent since 1848. by 1855 Austria was the only one outside of the Zollverein. Prussia, at the time had a weak parliament in the hands of the middle-class who wanted to establish full parliamentary power. the Italian national uprising also influenced Wilhelm I who started to raise taxes and increase the defence budget in preparation for war. Bismarck was appointed as prime minister to push on with changes even if opposed by the parliament.
Bismarck
Bismarck wen ahead collecting taxes and reorganizing the army without parliamentary approval. Bismarcks first big success was taking Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. Bismarck also believed that to fully control the northern part of the Confederation, Austria needed to be expelled and he was also successful in that.
Taming the German parliament
inspired by events in France, Bismarck hoped to win the middle-class liberals over with a promise of national unity under conservative leadership. The North German confederation received a new constitution. states retained local governments but Prussia became president. ultimate power remained in the hands of the federal bureaucracy, but the legislature were chosen by universal male suffrage.
