The Age of Nationalism (1850-1914)

Question 1

Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman empire

Answer 1

from 1839-1876.a set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman empire on a western model.

Question 2

Reign of Napoleon III in France

Answer 2

from 1852-1870. He gained much more votes then other candidates because of his name, because people wanted a tough ruler who could provide stability, and because he enunciated a positive program for France before the elections.

Question 3

Unification of Italy

Answer 3

from 1859-1870.

Question 4

Freeing of Russian serfs

Answer 4

in 1861. Reform pushed by Alexander II.

Question 5

US civil war

Answer 5

from 1861-1865. south was decisively defeated and the Union was preserved.

Question 6

Austro-Prussian war

Answer 6

in 1866. the war lasted only 7 weeks. the decisive win came in the battle of Sadowa. Austria received generous peace terms. the North German confederation was created with Prussia as its master.

Question 7

Franco-Prussian war, unification of Germany

Answer 7

from 1870-1871. France had to deal with harsh peace terms. relations between the two states became bitter after 1871, especially due to the loss of Alsace and Lorraine.

Question 8

Kulturkampf

Answer 8

from 1870-1878. Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany, resulting from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility.

Question 9

Stock market crash

Answer 9

as a result anti-Semitism starts to gain prominence, especially in central and eastern Europe in 1873.

Question 10

Educational reforms in France

Answer 10

in 1880s. they create a secular public school system.

Question 11

return to protectionism

Answer 11

widely spread across Europe from 1880s-1890s.

Question 12

First social security laws in Germany

Answer 12

passed in 1883 and provided workers with national sickness insurance. in 1884 accident insurance was added. in 1889 old age pensions and retirement benefits were established.

Question 13

Second surge of Russian Industrialization

Answer 13

initiated by Witte between 1890-1900. he used Westerners to catch up with the west (foreign investments).

Question 14

Bloody Sunday in Russia

Answer 14

in 1905. a massacre of peaceful protestors at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, which triggered a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Question 15

Social Reform in Great Britain

Answer 15

from 1906-1914.

Question 16

Young Turks

Answer 16

fervent patriots who seizes power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.

Question 17

France’s second republic

Answer 17

Napoleon III was elected because he promoted national unity and social progress. he began his four-year term by making conservative changes but in 1851 he illegally dismissed the legislature and seized power in a coup d’etat. the military helped to squash any opposition. universal male suffrage was restored and soon Napoleon became a hereditary emperor.

Question 18

Napoleon III’s Second Empire

Answer 18

his rule experienced both failures and successes.
in the 1850s his policies resulted in economic growth. until the mid- 1860s he enjoyed the support of urban workers. also in the 1860s, Napoleon gave the workers the right to form unions and the right to strike.
Napoleon restricted but did not abolish the newly reformed Assembly. in 1857 and 1863 government-backed candidates experienced electoral victories but in the 1860s the system started to fail. in 1869 the opposition gained almost 45% of the vote.
in 1870 Napoleon granted France a new constitution which combined a basically parliamentary regime with a hereditary emperor as a chief of state.

Question 19

Italy to 1850

Answer 19

in 1848 an idea of a unified Italy strongly emerged. some wanted to achieve unification through radicalism and idealism (G. Mazzini), some through religion (V. Gioberti), some through autocratic rule (Victor Emmanuel II).
Victor Emmanuel was crowned in 1849 and retained a liberal constitution. Italy was a mix of strong monarchy with a parliamentary government. The papacy opposed unification and modernization starting with Pope Pius IX for several decades to come.

Question 20

Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy

Answer 20

Cavour served as prime minister of Sardinia-Piedemont from 1852-1861. until 1859 he sought to unify only the Northern and maybe central areas of Italy. He also established a secret alliance with Napoleon III in 1858 to drive out Austria (defeated in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino). in 1860s Napoleon’s lost support was regained and northern Italy, thanks to the popular support of pro-unification nationalists, was united under Victor Emmanuel.
Garibaldi was even more patriotic and saw the unification process as only halfway done. he successfully liberated Sicily and thanks to Cavour they joined the kingdom of Sardinia. the north and south were united and prolonged conflict and radicalism was avoided.

Question 21

red shirts

Answer 21

the guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

Question 22

Growing Austro-Prussian rivalry

Answer 22

economic differences exacerbated the rivalry that had been prominent since 1848. by 1855 Austria was the only one outside of the Zollverein. 
Prussia, at the time had a weak parliament in the hands of the middle-class who wanted to establish full parliamentary power. the Italian national uprising also influenced Wilhelm I who started to raise taxes and increase the defence budget in preparation for war. Bismarck was appointed as prime minister to push on with changes even if opposed by the parliament.

Question 23

Bismarck

Answer 23

Bismarck wen ahead collecting taxes and reorganizing the army without parliamentary approval. Bismarcks first big success was taking Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. Bismarck also believed that to fully control the northern part of the Confederation, Austria needed to be expelled and he was also successful in that.

Question 24

Taming the German parliament

Answer 24

inspired by events in France, Bismarck hoped to win the middle-class liberals over with a promise of national unity under conservative leadership. The North German confederation received a new constitution. states retained local governments but Prussia became president. ultimate power remained in the hands of the federal bureaucracy, but the legislature were chosen by universal male suffrage.

Question 25

Franco-Prussian war

Answer 25

War with France made sure to push the southern German states into Prussian hands. after the war they all agreed to join the new German Empire.

Question 26

slavery and nation building in the US

Answer 26

north was more modernized and developed, whereas the south remained stagnant. south had slavery, the north was “free.” southerners developed a strong cultural identity and saw themselves as a tight knit “we” which opposed the northern “they.” after the civil war, powerful business corporations emerged, which were supported by the Republican party. 13th Amendment abolished slavery. a national identity defined by territorial expansion and economy emerged.

Question 27

Homestead Act

Answer 27

in 1862. an American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in market economy.

Question 28

The “Great” Reforms in Russia

Answer 28

the slow growth of progress encouraged protest movements by Marxists, liberals and others. after the Crimean war it was clear that Russia needed railroads, better armaments, and military reform. in 1864 zemstvos were created and they dealt with local issues. independent courts and equality before the law also emerged. innovation in transportation and industry were the most progressive and successful. this success prompted Russia to expand to the bordering areas. imperial control was still consolidated by suppressing nationalist movements.
after 1881 reforms came to an end with the assassination of Alexander II.

Question 29

Crimean War

Answer 29

a conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reforms.

Question 30

Duma

Answer 30

the Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.

Question 31

Reform and readjustment in the Ottoman Empire

Answer 31

conflict with Egypt forced Mahmud II to seek help from Europeans. Tanzimat was commenced. the biggest changes happed when Abdul Meijd passed the Imperial Rescript in 1856, which called for equality before the law regardless of religion, a modernized administration and army and private ownership of land. in 1876 under Abdulhamid II Ottomans turned away from reforms.

Question 32

the German Empire

Answer 32

federal system (central government and local state government). until 1878 Bismarck relied mainly on the National Liberals. after 1878, Bismarck abandoned Kulturkampf and courted the Catholic Center Party. Bismarck’s new goal was to stop SPD from growing. in 1878 he pushed through Anti-Socialist Laws but it proved ineffective. thus, Bismarck lobbied for state-supported social-welfare measures. the new Emperor Wilhelm II (1888-1918) forced Bismarck to resign; foreign policy changed direction and no larger gains in domestic policy were maid.

Question 33

Reichstag

Answer 33

the popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Question 34

SPD

Answer 34

German Social Democratic Party was a working-class political party founded in the early 1870s. it championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead in the German parliament for social and workplace reforms.

Question 35

republican France

Answer 35

Paris Commune was proclaimed in 1871 in response to the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. this was done by a group of radicals but under Thiers they were crushed. relative stability and national unity was created then due to the retainment of the republican government, skilful leaders.
trade unions were legalized, expansion of colonial empire was undertaken, free compulsory public elementary education was established.
Church-state relations were calmed by the more liberal Pope Leo XIII but renewed during the Dreyfus affair.

Question 36

Dreyfus affair

Answer 36

a divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the Church.

Question 37

Great Britain and Ireland

Answer 37

House of Commons drifted toward democracy while the House of Lords slumbered. between 1901-1910 the Lords, however, tried to reassert their power.

Question 38

People’s budget

Answer 38

a bill proposed after the Liberal party came to power in Britain in 1906; it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.
Just before WWI, however, the British had to face violent campaigns from the Fenians and begrudgingly some consciessions were made. Ireland came very close to achieving self-government. the northern Ulsterites, however, opposed this as they didn’t want to be under Catholic Ireland. due to world war I the home-rule bill didn’t pass fully.

Question 39

The Austro-Hungarian empire

Answer 39

in 1867 the dual-monarchy was established, as Austria had become too weak to fight off and suppress the Hungarian nationalists. both sides, however, faced the problems that came with several groups of ethnic minorities.

Question 40

making national citizens

Answer 40

by the 1890s, despite all odds, most people accepted the notions of national belonging. this was because the nation-states imposed centralized institutions that reached even the lowest levels of people. universal military conscription was introduced, free compulsory education leveled out language differences and indoctrinated children. common currency, standard weights and measurements, national post office helped to solidify a unified feeling. better infrastructure helped to communicate and commute faster and easier. new symbols and rituals were introduced to unite people.

Question 41

nationalism and racism

Answer 41

nationalism took on populist and exclusionary forms after its first stage of liberalism. pride in one’s own heritage led to denigration of someone else’s. there where close ties between nationalism and scientific racism which also justified expansion. according to purists the nation was supposed to be racially pure and exclusion/ prosecution became commonplace.

Question 42

jewish emancipation and modern anti-semitism

Answer 42

in 1848 Jews were emancipated and in 1871 this process was consolidated in central Europe. nevertheless, some restrictions remained in place even then. in 1873 anti-semitism returned full-force. this time anti-semitism drew on nationalism and ideas of race. propaganda to trash Jewish in the eyes of the people was common practice from even state-officials.

Question 43

zionism

Answer 43

a movement dedicated to building aJewish national homeland in Palestine, started by T. Herzl.

Question 44

the socialist international

Answer 44

socialist parties grew spectacularly after 1870s. SPD in Germany was very popular. in 1883 the Russian Social Democratic Party was established and in 1905 many French groups were unified in the French Section of the Workers International.
the first international or International Working Men’s Association was established in 1864 but collapsed in 1876. the second international lasted from 1889-1914.

Question 45

labor unions and Marxist revisionism

Answer 45

in most areas the socialist were actually not radical; they increasingly started to work within the system. workers (which was not a unified group to begin with) just didn’t feel inclined to follow radical programs because the reforms that happened left them satisfied. the rise in living standards and growth of labor unions helped the move toward moderation. most people dealt with bread-and-butter issues rather than a social revolution. by early 20th century revisionism had resulted in clear-cut nationalist characteristics for socialist parties.

Question 46

revisionism

Answer 46

an effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the late 19th century