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Locomotor > Walking and Posture > Flashcards

Walking and Posture Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lower limb do

A
  • Supports and propels body forward

* Combines strength and mobility

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2
Q

when are the hip and knee in the most stable position

A

when standing up

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3
Q

when you standing at rest describe your position

A
  • Standing at rest feet slightly apart

- Hip and knee are extended (most stable position)

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4
Q

where is the centre of pressure at

A
  • Front of ankle
  • Just in front of knee
  • Just behind the hip
  • Just behind the ear
  • there is a combination of weight being behind and in front of the centre of gravity
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5
Q

what happens when you stand on one leg

A

 When one leg lifted off the group muscles around the hip of the supporting leg becomes active
 These are the up abductors – gluteus Medius and minimus
 This prevents the pelvis from dropping onto the unsupported side
 Move the body weight over supporting leg
 Prevents pelvis from dropping on unsupported side

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6
Q

what is trendelenburgs sign

A
  • Normally when standing on one leg the hip abductors prevent the pelvis dropping to the unsupported side
  • It pulls the unsupported side up
  • Hip abductors help to move body weight
  • Pelvis drops on unsupported side if – hip abductors are weak on supporting side
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7
Q

what are the causes of the pelvis dropping on the unsupported side

A
  • hip abductors are weak on supporting side (most common cause)
  • fracture of neck of the femur or greater trochanter,
  • dislocation of femoral head
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8
Q

what does trendelenburgs sign show

A

weak gluteus medium and gluteus minibus

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9
Q

is walking a simple or complex motion

A
  • Learned complex behaviour involving balancing body over one leg while controlling forward motion
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10
Q

what is the definition of walking

A

one foot must always be in contact with the ground at any time

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11
Q

what is the major propelling force in walking

A

falling forward

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12
Q

what is the walking cycle divided into

A

stance and swing phases

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13
Q

what is a whole phase of walking divide into

A
  • Divided into strides activities between successive heel strikes on same side
  • When the leg first makes contact with the heel and the group and then where the heel makes contact with the ground again
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14
Q

how many phases of stance are there

A

5 segments

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15
Q

describe stance phase

A
  • Begins with heel strike and ends when toe leaves the ground
  • 60% of cycle
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16
Q

describe the stages of stance phase

A
  1. Intintial contact (Heel strike) - Foot inverted and dorsiflexed as heel makes contact on lateral side
  2. Loading response - Foot brought into full contact, ankle rocker action begins
  3. Midstance - Body weight brought over to the planted foot
  4. Terminals stance – (heel off) Heel lifted off ground (foot everted and plantar flexed). Body weight advances ahead of single-supporting foot
  5. Pre-swing (toe off) - Lower limb positioned to quickly swing forward beneath body, transfer of weight from one limb to other
17
Q

describe swing phase

A
  • 40% of walking cycle

- Begins with toe off

18
Q

how many segments are there of swing phase

A

3

19
Q

describe the stages of swing phase

A
  1. Initial swing - foot pushed off ground, limb accelerates forward
  2. Mid swing - Limb moves beneath body until tibia of leg is vertical. Foot dorsiflexed to prevent toes dragging on ground
  3. Terminal swing - Limb decelerates forward movement, prepares for initial contact again
20
Q

what is the muscles involved in the stance phase

A

Stance phase: Heel strike to flat foot
– Dorsiflexors active at heel strike
– Gluteus maximus and hamstrings extend hip early in stance.
– Quadriceps extend knee early in stance.
– Hip abductors active when going from double to single support

21
Q

what are the muscles involved in mid stance to toe off

A

– Plantar flexors active at toe off to power forward thrust.

– Hip flexors and knee extensors start to prepare to lift leg

22
Q

what are the muscles involved in swing phase

A

• Hip flexors help lift leg off ground, early swing phase
• Thigh momentum checked by hip extensors at end of swing
– Gluteus maximus
• Hamstrings flex knee, lift swinging leg off ground
• Dorsiflexors active throughout to prevent toes dragging

23
Q

what are the causes of gait problems

A

can be mechanical or neurological

24
Q

what are the mechanical causes of gait

A

• osteoarthritis, muscle strains, blisters

25
Q

what are the neurological causes of gait

A

• perception deficits, nerve damage

26
Q

how do analysis gait

A
  • Balance
  • Co-ordination
  • Walking rhythm
  • Change of speed/direction
  • Stride length
27
Q

what effects the way you walk

A
  • Stance phase gets shortened and there is longer leg time in the air as this is when the pain is less
  • If you cant feel the sole of the foot then this effects the way that you walk
  • If you have perception deficits such as being blind so your not able to see the surface that you are walking towards then this effects the way that you walk
28
Q

describe parkinsons gait

A
  • Short shuffling steps
  • Rigidity in hip and knee extensors
  • Stooped forward posture – moves there body anteriorly and can fall forwards more
  • Arm swing reduced
  • Turning is rigid like a statue
  • Have problems change in direction as they have problems initiating movements therefore sometimes walk into walls
  • Have muscle imbalance in the lower limb
29
Q

describe scissor gait

A
  • Thigh swings across body during swing phase
  • Difficulty in putting heel on ground – toe walking and is unstable
  • Difficulty putting the foot on the group
  • Hip is rigid
  • Hard to flex the knee
  • Toe walking and unstable need walking frame to help them
30
Q

what causes scissor gait

A
  • Can be unilateral (stroke or cerebral palsy) or bilateral (cerebral palsy)
31
Q

describe high stepping gait

A
  • dorsiflexor paralysis = ‘foot drop’, unless leg is lifted higher by exaggerated knee bend
  • Whole foot tends to slapped on ground rather than heel strike
32
Q

what can cause high stepping gait

A
  • Common peroneal nerve injury – effects dorsiflexors of the leg
  • Common peroneal innervates the dorsiflexor muscle group also effects the everts
  • The dorsiflexors allow us to lift the dorsum of the foot of and the toes of the group
  • Can’t lift the foot of the ground
  • Need to be dorsiflexed when going into initial contact
33
Q

what does the tibial nerve innervate

A
  • Tibial nerve innervates the plantar flexors
34
Q

what is the tibial nerve protected by

A
  • It is well protected runs in the popliteal fossa
35
Q

what happens if you have tibial nerve damage

A
  • End up with plantarflexor paralysis and there is no forward thrust
  • Plantarflexor paralysis = no forward thrust
36
Q

describe staccato gait

A
  • Quadriceps paralysed - knee can only be stabilised by being locked in full extension by bending trunk forward or holding knee back with one hand
    o Compensation by iliacus and pectineus for hip flexion the adductors for knee extension – they push back ionto the thigh or onot the knee itself, the extension of the knee is only possible by pushing the knee back
  • Get the same effect from someone who has damaged there achielies tendon they may have weakened plantarflexion
37
Q

what is the weigh of the upper body transmitted to

A
  • Weight of upper body is transmitted centrally through vertebral column
  • Ilium transfers weight to femurs
38
Q

what does the pubic symphysis do

A
  • Force dissipated by the fibrocartilage punchi symphysis

- Any excess force is braced and taken to the pubic symphysis

39
Q

why is the head of the femur slightly medial

A
  • The head of the femur is slightly medial – need to take the weight out and put it underneath the body so that we can do bipedal moving
  • Diagonal angle of femurs re-centres support directly
  • Under the body to make bipedal standing more
  • efficient and to help walking.

Locomotor (22 decks)

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