Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Locomotor > The vertebrae and vertebral column > Flashcards

The vertebrae and vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

describe back pain statistics

A
  • NHS spends 1 billion a year on back pain related costs
  • Estimulated that 80% will experience back pain at some time
  • 1-2% of gross national product is lost in work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the structure of the vertebral column

A
  • Made up of multiple sections
  • Multiple ligaments and muscles that connect the vertebrae together
  • It forms the skeleton between the base of the skull, runs in the neck thorax, the lumbar region and into the sacrum ending at the coccyx
  • 72-75 cm in adults, 1/4 of length is fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs (IV discs)- doest really vary in height
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how many vertebrae do you have

A
  • 33 vertebrae (might have 32 or might have 34)in 5 regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 5 regions of the vertebrae

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral (fused)
  • 4 coccygeal (fused
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what should the verebral disc look like

A
  • Should be straight form the front or back

- From the side there is an S shape where there is curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the S shape of the vertebrae column do

A
  • Gives spring like mechanism that aids with shock absorbancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the IV disc

A
  • IV disc is a tough fibro collagenous joint with an inner jelly core that attaches the vertebral body above to the vertebral below
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe movement of the vertebral column

A
  • Not much movement between individual vertebrae
  • All the small movements are added together and this thus increases the range of movement
  • Facet joint is between the pedical and lamellar region of the vertebrae
  • As you bend forward the iV disc compresses anteriorly and the facet joint slides apart to give you movement
  • If you add them all together gives you a range of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the intervertebral foramen

A
  • The whole between adjacent vertebrae is where the spinal nerves exit this is the intervertebral foramen and is where the sensory and motor axons leave the spinal cord and go out to the peripheral nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what joints the vertebral column

A
  • But together planar (synovial) facet joints and IV discs form a flexible yet rigid column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 4 curves in the vertebral column

A

– cervical
– thoracic
– lumbar
– sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how many kyphosis are there in the thoracic and sacral regions

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe kyphoses in the thoracic and sacral regions

A

– Concave anteriorly

– Primary curves, develop during fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe cervical and lumbar lordosis

A

– Concave posteriorly
– Secondary curves, become obvious in infancy when baby starts to hold up its head and walks
– This is compressible and gives the shock absorbency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what curves have more movement primary or secondary

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why do primary curves have little movement

A
  • Primary curves usually have little movement – sacrum becomes fused and therefore will not move, thoracic region has little mobility as it articulates with the rib
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do curvatures do

A

• Curvatures give extra flexibility and shock-absorbing resilience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference between flexibility of IV discs and flexibility from curvatures

A

• Flexibility of IV discs passive and limited
• Flexibility from curvatures is dynamic
– Changeable

19
Q

what do abnormal curvatures develop because of

A

• Due to developmental anomalies or pathological conditions (e.g missing half vertebrae, and osteoporosis)

20
Q

what is the disease where there is an increase in thoracic curvature

A

• Thoracic Kyphosis (humpback, hunchback, excessive thoracic kyphosis) increased thoracic curvature

21
Q

what is kyphosis a result of

A
  • This is the result of the Erosion/fracture of anterior part of one or more vertebrae which leads to thoracic kyphosis
  • Eventually if thoracic kyphosis increases the head eventually drops onto the chest or you increase the amount the head has to go back and increase the cervical lordosis
22
Q

how does an IV disc cause kyphosis

A
  • If you loose bone mass inside then the bone gets weaker
  • If you loose enough bone they will collapse
  • Get triangle shape and everything rotates forward and you get kyphosis
23
Q

where does lordosis happen

A

lumbar region

24
Q

what can lordosis cause

A
  • Compression of spinal nerve roots due to increase lordosis reducing the size of the intervertebral foramen
25
Q

who does lordosis develop in

A
  • Can develop in late pregnancy or with obesity
26
Q

what produces the increased lumbar curvature in lordosis

A

anterior rotation of pelvis produces increased lumbar curvature
- The hip flexors become hyperactive and the erector spinae pulls the posterior part of the sacrum up and this rotates the pelvis anteriorly and you end up with a lordosis

27
Q

what is scoliosis

A

crooked, or curved back) abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebrae, vertebra have rotated not only moved to one side

28
Q

who does scoliosis effect

A

pubertal girls

29
Q

what is scoliosis a result of

A

• Result of developmental defects, asymmetric muscle strength, poor posture, or idiopathic (don’t know what the cause is)

30
Q

what can severe scoliosis do

A

• Severe forms can restrict lungs and abdominal organs

31
Q

how is scoliosis treated

A
  • Can be stopped from progressing by wearing a brace or corrected by surgery
  • Wear brace 24 hours a day for 3-4 years until you stop growing
32
Q

what is flat back syndrome

A

– Tight musculature between ribs makes breathing shallow
– Hamstrings tight
– Hip flexors weak
– Pelvis tilts backwards pulls vertebral column flat
– It is present in Ankylosing spondylitis( this is an inflammation of the ligaments along the vertebral column which eventually ossifies), degenerative disc, spinal fusion
– Opposite to lordotic back

33
Q

how many vertebra are typical

A
  • 22 out of the 24 moveable vertebrae which are separate bones are typical vertebral
34
Q

what do typical vertebrae consist of

A
  • vertebral body,
  • anterior part gives strength to vertebral column and supports body weight
  • get larger as you go down the vertebral column as body weight grows
35
Q

describe what the vertebral neural arch is made out of

A
  • Made up the pedicles and a flat plate of bone called the laminae
  • Vertebral arch and posterior vertebral body forms vertebral foramen for spinal cord
  • Lameinae – is across the top – this forms the vertebral arch
  • Protective skeleton for the vertebral arch
36
Q

what are the processes in the vertebrae

A
  • 1 spinous processes
  • 2 transverse processes
  • 4 articular processes – processes – sites of attachment for deep back muscles, articular processes restrict movement, 2 superior that articulate with the vertebrae above, 2 inferior that articulate with the vertebrae below
37
Q

describe the cervical verebrae

A
  • Skeleton of neck
  • smallest of 24 moveable vertebrae
  • distinctive feature = foramen in transverse processes for vertebral arteries
  • vertebral body is more oval in shape
  • the neural arch is more semi circle process for spinal cord
  • spinal process is bifid and has two prongs to it
38
Q

describe the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Heart shaped vertebral body
  • Circular or neural vertebrae foramen
  • The spinous process is inferior orientated
  • There are costal facets which are on the transverse process and on the vertical body
  • Long spinous process
39
Q

describe the costal facets in the throacic vertebrae

A

– articulation with ribs
– 1 or more facets on each side of vertebral body articulates with head of a rib
– 1 facet on each transverse process of superior 10 thoracic vertebrae for tubercle of a rib

40
Q

describe the lumbar vertebrae

A

• Lumbar vertebrae - large bodies and sturdy laminae
• L5 largest of all moveable vertebrae,
– carries weight of upper body
spinous process – blade – flat piece of bone that has become flattened – sticks out from the back
IV discs get bigger as they are carrying more stress

41
Q

describe the sacrum vertebrae

A
  • large triangular wedge of bone
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • There are still exits for the spinal nerves
42
Q

describe the coccyx vertebrae

A
  • a small triangular bone

- 4 fused vertebrae

43
Q

describe C1 and C2

A
  • C1 = atlas, ring shaped bone – no spinous process or vertical body
  • C2 - axis, strongest of cervical vertebrae – has an extra bit of bone, C1 vertical body is attached to C2 forms an articular processs that forms the pivot join between C1 and C2
  • C1 and C2 have no vertebral body
  • Dens is pivot around which C1 rotates – pivot (synovial)
  • C2 vertebral body is the dens which si the vertebral body from C1 that froms the atlatoaxis joint

Locomotor (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions