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Locomotor > Joint structure and function > Flashcards

Joint structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the solid joints

A
  • fibrous joint

- cartilaginous joints

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2
Q

what are caveatted joints

A
  • synovial joints
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3
Q

what are the two divisions of joints

A
  • solid joints

- cavitated joints

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4
Q

what joints do not move very much

A
  • solid joints do not move very much therefore this means fibrous and cartilaginous joints do not move very much
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5
Q

what skeleton are solid joints mainly in

A

axial

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6
Q

what skeleton are caveatted joints main in

A

appendicular

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7
Q

describe the structure of fibrous joints

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Articulating bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
  • Little or no movement
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8
Q

name some fibrous joints

A
  • sutures
  • synostosis
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis
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9
Q

what are sutures

A
  • these are fibrous joints that are between the bones of the skull
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10
Q

what is a synostosis

A
  • this is an ossified suture in the skull
  • for example we actually have two frontal bones together and they fuse together to form a single frontal bone
  • immovable
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11
Q

what is a syndemosis

A
  • sheet of fibrous tissue between bones,
  • it is the interosseous membrane
  • it keeps the radius and the ulnar tethered and stops them separating as you move
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12
Q

what is a gomphosis joint

A

cone-shaped peg fits into a socket

- e.g. teeth this is held by the periodontal ligament

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13
Q

what happens in the skull of children

A
  • sutures do not form straight away
  • there is a fibrous tissue that connects the frontal bone
  • anterior frontanal
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14
Q

what is the anterior frontanatal

A
  • present in children
  • opening in the skull
  • stays open for about 18-24 months,
  • then it becomes no longer papltable
  • can be used to check intracranial pressure as it causes the anterior frontanatal to bulge
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15
Q

describe the structure of the cartilaginous joints

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • little or no movement, little more movement then the fibrous joints
  • Articulating bones connected by cartilage either fibrous or hyaline cartilage
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16
Q

what is the symphysis connected by

A

fibrocartilage

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17
Q

what is the synchrondosis connected by

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

name some cartilaginous joints

A
  • symphysis

- synchrondosis

19
Q

describe what the symphysis is between

A
  • IV discs and pubic symphysis, this means that the pelvis is a bit more flexible at the front
20
Q

describe what synchrondosis is between

A
  • Epiphyseal growth plate and costochondral joints, it is also in the sternal, connects the ribs to the sternum which is hyaline cartilage
21
Q

what can adapt and change

A
  • the fibrocartilage joints is subjected to change
22
Q

describe an example of the fibrocartilage joints adapting and changing

A

for example women who are about to give birth is that the pubic symphysis softens and becomes more flexible, this helps give a widened pelvic outlook during childbirth and prevents the pelvis from breaking

23
Q

what are the layers of cartilage that surround the IV disc

A

fibrocartilage

24
Q

describe the structure of synovial joints

A
  • freely movable
  • two bones capped with hyaline cartilage
  • comes from endochondral ossification and this remains as the hyaline articulating cartilage
  • fibrous capsule that acts as a water tight seal
  • synovial membrane
25
Q

what does the synovial membrane do

A

– produces the synovial fluid

- makes sure that the synovial fluid is the correct composition

26
Q

what do the bursa do

A
  • the bursa often interconnect with the joint capsule

- cushions and protections of the joint

27
Q

how are the bursa used in the knee

A
  • The knee has lots of bursa as it has lots of tendons that run from it and over it that need to be protected
  • The joint capsule extends into the popliteal fossa
  • Bursa is kept behind the quadriceps helps suspend and keeps bursa from dropping into the knee joint with gravity
28
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage in synovial joints

A

hyaline cartilage

29
Q

describe the structure of articular cartilage

A
  • Smooth, slippery and very low coefficient of friction
  • Elastic, resilient structure that acts as a shock absorber to protect underlying bone
  • Deeper layer merges via a calcified layer with the subchondral bone
30
Q

describe the ECM of articular cartilage

A
  • 80% water - this means that it can act as a shock absorber, when you squeeze the cartilage the water will come out and when you take the pressure off the water is attracted back into the cartilage due to the proteoglycans in the ECM
  • Collagen type II – this gives it structure
  • Proteoglycans – this act as the water attracting part of the ECM, and hold it into the cartilage giving gel like ECM
31
Q

what do many synovial joints also contain

A
  • they also contain accessory ligaments and articular discs
32
Q

what do ligaments do

A

– Ligaments connect bone to bone

• Help to stabilise and hold joint together

33
Q

what do articular discs do

A

– Articular discs modify shape of joint surfaces

• Help maintain stability of joint, and direct flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction

34
Q

what re the two layers of the articular capsule

A
  • outer fibrous capsule

- inner synovial membrane

35
Q

describe the structure fo the articular cartilage

A
  • avascular therefore it relies on synovial fluid for its nutrition
36
Q

what is the disease that causes the loss of articular cartilage

A
  • Oesoarthritis – degeneration of articular cartilage
37
Q

what are the types of synovial joints

A 
plane
pivot 
ball and socket 
condyloid 
hinge 
saddle
38
Q

describe the movement and examples of planar joints

A
  • side to side and back and forth gliding movements

- Example, intercarpals, intertarsals, facet joints of vertebral column

39
Q

describe the movement and examples of hinge joints

A

convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone.
• Flexion and extension in a single plane
– Examples, elbow, knee

40
Q

describe the movement and examples of pivot joints

A

• - round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament
• Rotational movements
– Example, atlas rotating about the axis, radius in annular ligament of the ulna

41
Q

describe the movement and examples of condylar joints

A

• oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into elliptical cavity of another bone
• Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and circumduction
– Example, joint between carpals and radius

42
Q

describe the movement and examples of saddle joints

A

one bone is saddle-shaped, the other is the rider
• Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and circumduction
– Example, carpometacarpal joint of thumb

43
Q

describe the movement and examples of ball and socket joints

A

• - ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into cup-like depression of other
• Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, rotation and circumduction
– Example, shoulder and hip joints

Locomotor (22 decks)

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