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Locomotor > Synoival fluid > Flashcards

Synoival fluid Flashcards

1
Q

how much syvoial fluid do you have

A
  • at most 5ml but usually 2ml
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2
Q

what is the calcifying mark called

A
  • Calcifying mark is called the tidemark can see how much the calcium has been precipitated onto the hyaline matrix
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3
Q

describe the structure of the synovial membrane

A
  • 1-3 cells thick
  • made up of synoviocytes
  • no basement membrane
  • synoviocytes sit on the subitima
  • no barrier for fluid movement
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4
Q

what are the two types of synoviocytes

A

type A and type B

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5
Q

describe type A synoviocyte

A
  • Type A bone marrow derived macrophage -get rid of any foreign pathogen that gets into the synovial joint
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6
Q

describe type B

synoviocyte

A
  • Type B fibroblast-like connective tissue cell, there are more of these
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7
Q

describe what the subinitma has in it

A
  • contains a dense network of fenestrated capillaries
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8
Q

what is synovial fluid made up of

A
  • made up of the ultra filtrate of blood ( leaks out of the capillaries through the subitima and into the joint cavity)
  • has hyaluronic acid added to it - this makes it thick and viscous
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9
Q

what colour should the synovial fluid be

A
  • When you take the synovial fluid sample and put it up against a text then you should be able to read through it – should be clear
  • Can becomes yellow this is normal
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10
Q

what happens when the synovial membrane tears

A

the synovial membrane can tear and this means that we now get red blood cells in the synovial fluid as the blood is able to gain access to the joint capsule and fill it
- Synovial flood is no longer see view and is cloudy

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11
Q

what is the composition of the synovial fluid

A 
•	pH - 7.38
•	WBCs - mainly phagocytes 
•	Hyaluronate
•	Glucose
•	Protein
–	albumin (%)		60
–	globulin (%)		40
•	(+ ions, lactate, etc)
•	Lubricin
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12
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • this is an autoimmune condition that attach synovial joints and membranes,
  • attacks tendon sheaths
  • attacks some serous membrane as well
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13
Q

what happens in rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • cell proliferate and get thicker - T lymphocytes and CD4 T helper cells
  • Subintima also thickens and becomes more fibrotic – this produces differnet synovial fluid, the cytokines that are produced from this lymphocyte, this causes the blood vessels to become more leaky and means that cells can now enter the synovial fluid
  • lots of neutrophils and other immune cells in the synovial fluid
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14
Q

whats the difference in consistency of synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis versus oesothatrisi

A
  • fluid is cloudy in RA whereas in OA colour is darkened but it is still lear
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15
Q

how does synovial fluid distribute fluid

A
  • At the loaded site it seeps in and as you put pressure on it the fluid comes out and forces the surfaces apart and stop them bashing into each other when you stand up, this forms a reserve volume, this redistributes the force across the surfaces
  • In different parts of the joint fluid is forced out and in parts of the joint that are not under strain fluid moves back in, this is so it redistributes fluid to where it is needed
  • The hyaluronic acid does not seek it and they become concentrated at the point where you are losing more of the fluid
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16
Q

what is the largest joint in the body and how much synovial fluid does it have

A

• Knee joint = largest joint in body

– 1-2mls of synovial fluid

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17
Q

what does synovial fluid do to articular cartilage

A

– Forms reserve volume in articular cartilage

– Helps nourish articular cartilage

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18
Q

what is the articular cartilage and what does it do

A

– Slippery weight-bearing film which reduces friction between cartilage
– Distributes force across joint surfaces

19
Q

what is the biomechanics of the synovial fluid

A

• Non-Newtonian flow characteristics

20
Q

what is thixotropic viscosity

A
  • this means that its viscosity is not constant
  • – this means that it gels at rest this is partially of the seeping in of the fluid part into the articular capsule means that hylaurinc acid is left, this interacts with albumin, globumin and other strands of hyaluronic acid to form a tangled pass of hylaurinic acid, albumin and globulin
  • at rest it gels, wit movement it is less viscous
21
Q

viscosity ….

A

decreases as you move

22
Q

what happens when you initiate movement

A

• When you initiate movement the tangled mass increases for a short period of time viscosity until the fluid goes back in and you continue to move

23
Q

what is forced from the articular cartilage when compressed

A

water is forced back into the synovial fluid

24
Q

what is hyaluronic acid made out of

A
  • Repeated glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine subunits
25
Q

what is hyaluronic acid

A
  • Hyaluronate = glycosaminoglycan
26
Q

what varies with age with hyaluronic acid

A
  • size and amount decreases with age
27
Q

what does the tangled mass of hyaluronic acid, albumin globulin do

A
  • Act as a shock absorber
  • Acts to store energy – if you continue to move at a slower speed and slower frequency – they unwind and untangle themselves and energy is dissipated as viscous flow
28
Q

what is lubricin(PRG4)

A
  • it is a water soluble glycoprotein that is secreted into the synovial joint
    – Equal proportions of protein and oligosaccharides
29
Q

What is lubricin produced by

A
  • chondrocytes

- synoviocytes type B cells

30
Q

what does lubricin do

A

• Forms thin superficial barrier

– Repels joint surfaces, preventing contact of articular surfaces

31
Q

describe the structure of lubricin

A

• It has a C terminal end and an terminal end that are both adhesive the part in the middle is a mucin domain that holds water

32
Q

what is a characteristic of articular cartilage

A
  • Articular cartilage is avascular and aneural – no blood vessel or nerve supply, therefore it struggles to get nutrients and needs a other source
33
Q

how does articular cartilage get its nutrients

A
  • Synovial fluid brings in glucose and oxygen

- has a high oxygen tension, the oxygen gradient goes high to low and glucose goes high to low

34
Q

describe the structure of articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage - made from collagen type II fibres
  • GAGs covalent. linked to proteins and form proteoglycans such as aggrecan, chondrotin sulphate, keratan sulphate
    • GAGs and proteoglycans form hydrated gel-like
  • Allows diffusion of nutrients, metabolites and hormones between blood and cartilage cells
35
Q

what is the role of articular cartilage

A

– Elastic, resilient structure acts as a shock absorber protecting the underlying bone
– Smooth, slippery and very low coefficient of friction
– Deeper layer merges with a calcified layer (tidemark) that attaches it to subchondral bone.

36
Q

what are the articular cartilage layers

A
  • superficial zone
  • middle zone
  • deep zone
  • then you have a tide mark
  • then calcified zone
37
Q

describe superficial zone

A
  • They are small flattended cells
  • collagen fibres are oreintatioed horiztonal and parallel with the articular surface, chronodcytes fit in between the collagen fibres
38
Q

describe middle zone

A
  • Bigger and more rounded
  • collage fibres take up a random oreination and forms pocket to which we can fit proteoglycans
  • proteoglycans are in the middle regions
39
Q

describe the deep zone

A
  • Bigger and can know see the columns – they are stacked one on top of the other, mini version of the epipsypical growth plate but at a lower rate of proliferation
  • the collagen fibres are now orientated perpendicular to the surface, they run verticular either side of the chrondycte column – this is why these areas are not compressible
40
Q

what is the main proteoglycans in cartilage

A

aggrecan

41
Q

what are proteoglycans

A
  • special class of glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated
  • core protein with 1 or more covalent attached glycosaminoglycan chain
42
Q

describe the ECM of the articular capsule

A
  • Around 70-80% water
  • Collagen 15% (predominantly type II)
  • Network of fibrils that give overall framework and shape of the cartilage
  • Makes pockets that are filled with water binding proteoglycans complexes – regulate compressibility
  • Proteoglycans 15% have lots of negative charges that attract water
43
Q

what makes the ECM of articular cartilage

A
  • made by chondrocytes

- only around 1% are chondrocytes

44
Q

what happens when you get older to proteoglycans

A

• Less proteoglycans – less ability to let water in, bones basically dries out and cracks, and these cracks get bigger

Locomotor (22 decks)

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