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SP604 > Wakefulness and Sleep > Flashcards

Wakefulness and Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Cycles - Cues, Endogenous

A

Originate from inside the body

e.g. melatonin

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2
Q

Cycles - Cues, Exogenous

A

Originate from outside the body

Helps to keep internal state in sync with external environment

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3
Q

Cycles - Cues, Exogenous, Zeitgeber

A

Exogenous cue that resets circadian rhythms

e.g. light

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4
Q

Cycles - Rhythms, Circadian

A

About a day

e.g. hunger, temperature, sleep

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5
Q

Cycles - Rhythms, Circannual

A

About a year

e.g. migration, hibernation

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6
Q

Cycles - Disruption, Shift work, Akerstedt 1998

A

Different hours of work in different patterns temporarily disrupt sleeping patterns
Short term shifts do not affect sleep cycles or rhythms

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7
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Light, Kelly et al 1999

A

Naval officers see no true light while on ship

Sleep schedules shift due to the lack of zeitgebers

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8
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Light, Roenneberg et al 2007

A

Sun rises in East Germany 30 minutes prior to West Germany despite same ‘time’
People in East Germany wake up and eat 30 minutes earlier than those in West Germany

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9
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag

A

Disruption of sleep cycle due to crossing of time zones

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10
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag, Phase Delay

A

Travelling West

Have to go through the day later than normal
Easier to adapt to, can force self to stay awake or eat later

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11
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag, Phase Advance

A

Travelling East

Have to go through the day earlier than normal
More difficult to adjust to, difficult to force self to sleep or eat early

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12
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Newborns

A

Sleep 16 / 18 hours per day, on / off

More sleep means more growth hormone release, encouraging growth and development

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13
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 16 weeks

A

Sleep 14 / 15 hours per day, longer nights and day naps

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14
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 3-5 years

A

Sleep 10 / 12 hours per day

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15
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 3-5 years, Cremone et al 2017

A

Naps enhance performance of infants

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16
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Adolescence

A

8 hours per day, through the night

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17
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Old Age

A

6 / 7 hours per day

Decreased melatonin release
Effect on memory consolidation

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18
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Part of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm

SCN cells fire in a particular rhythm, controlling circadian rhythm of sleep and temperature
Genetically controlled

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19
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Effect of light

A

Light resets SCN firing via the hypothalamic pathway

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20
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Effect of light, Melanopsin

A

Retinaphotopigment which reacts to light, inducing sleepiness in low levels

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21
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Lourdes et al 2014

A

Damage to SCN results in irregular sleeping rhythms

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22
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Reppert et al 1981

A

Damage to SCN impacts hormone levels in monkeys

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23
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics

A

Code for proteins

PER = Period
TIM = Timeless
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24
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics, High PER + TIM

A

Interact with CLOCK gene to produce sleepiness

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25
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics, Low PER + TIM

A

Do not interact with CLOCK gene, producing wakefulness

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26
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics, Damaged CLOCK

A

Results in erratic sleeping patterns

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27
Q

Biological Clock - Melatonin

A

Hormone released by the pineal gland to regulate sleepiness, controlled by SCN

Released 2 / 3 hours before sleep to allow preparation

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28
Q

Biological Clock - Melatonin, Tan et al 2010

A

Reduced melatonin release in old age could explain why older people sleep less

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29
Q

Measures of Sleep - EEG

A

Used to discover sleep stages based on brain waves throughout sleep cycles

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30
Q

Measures of Sleep - Polysomnograph

A

Records eye movements and electrical activity during sleep

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31
Q

Measures of Sleep - Actigraph Watch

A

Measures movement during sleep

32
Q

Stages of Sleep - Stage 1

A

Light sleep - when sleep begins

Alpha brain waves, irregular, jagged and low voltage
Decline in brain activity

5% of sleep

33
Q

Stages of Sleep - Stage 2

A

Beginning of true sleep

Sleep spindles of 12-14 Hz half second waves
K-complexes of short, high amplitude, slow waves

50% of sleep

34
Q

Stages of Sleep - Stage 3/4

A

Deep sleep

Delta brain waves, low, large amplitude
Slowing of breathing and heart rate, low brain activity
Synchronised neuron movement

15-20% of sleep

35
Q

Stages of Sleep - REM

A

Paradoxical sleep showing characteristics of deep and light sleep
Irregular, low voltage, fast waves - Stage 1
Relaxed postural muscles - Stage 3/4

20-25% of sleep

36
Q

Stages of Sleep - Non-REM

A

Stage 1 - 4

Cycle of approximately 90 minutes from 1 to 4 to 2 to REM, then back to 2 again

37
Q

Interruptions of Consciousness - Coma

A

Extended period of unconsciousness

Low steady activity, low response to pain

38
Q

Interruptions of Consciousness - Vegetative state

A

Alternate between sleep and arousal state

No awareness of painful stimuli

39
Q

Interruptions of Consciousness - Minimally Conscious

A

Brief periods of action

Limited comprehension of surroundings

40
Q

Interruptions of Consciousness - Locked-in

A

Aware and awake but cannot communicate

41
Q

Interruptions of Consciousness - Brain dead

A

No activity or response to stimuli

42
Q

Functions of Sleep - Evolutionary Theory

A

Sleep conserves energy when we are at our least efficient (depending on nocturnal / non)

Animals lower on the food chain sleep less to aid survival escaping predators
Birds’ circannual rhythms allow less sleep during migration

43
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration

A

Sleep allows repair after a day of work

44
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Alhola & Palokantala 2007

A

Sleep deprivationn impairs attention

Sleep allows repair of this deficiency

45
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Takahashi et al 1968

A

Growth hormone is released during sleep allowing for development
Explains why babies sleep more than adults

46
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Xie et al 2013

A

Sleep allows removal of metabolites and toxins

47
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Jenkins & Dallenboch 1924

A

Sleep improves memory and this is not reparative so cannot be its only function

48
Q

Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Ferrera et al 2012

A

Hippocampal activity during sleep indicates memory consolidation

49
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - von Econom 1917

A

Examined brains of those who died from encephilitis lethargica

Those who were comatosed before death had lesions of posterior hypothalamus in upper midbrain = wakefulness centre
Those who were insominiac before death had lesions of anterior hypothalamus = sleep centre

50
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Stem

A

Receives sensory input

Damage results in coma

51
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Stem, Mouzzi & Morgan 1949

A

Reticular formation stimulation increases arousal

Damage decreases wakefulness

52
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Histamine

A

Releases histamine which excites the brain

53
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Lateral / Posterior Nuclei

A

Releases orexin which stimulates wakefulness

Extends to basal forebrain

54
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Basal Forebrain

A

Has axons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex

Releases acetylcholine for stimulation
Releases GABA for inhibition

Damage depends on which system and neurotransmitter is affects

55
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Pontomenscephalon

A

Receives sensory input from sensory systems

Extends to forebrain, releasing acetylcholine and glutamate to stimulate the brain, maintaining arousal

56
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Locus Coeruleus

A

Within the pons

Emits impulses in response to meaningfulness
Release norepinephrine, stimulating wakefulness

57
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Neurotransmitters, Inhibitory

A

e.g. GABA

Decrease temperature, metabolism, neuronal stimulation
Increased during sleep

58
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - Neurotransmitters, Exhibitory

A

e.g. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, orexin, histamine

Increases arousal
Increased during wakefulness

59
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - REM

A

Triggered by activity in pons

Increased limbic system, parital and temporal acitivation
Decreased primary visual, motor and dorsolateral cortex activity

60
Q

Mechanisms of Sleep - REM, Pons-Geniculate-Occipital Waves

A

PGO waves in REM sleep
High amplitude

Appear in other stages of sleep if REM is disrupted

But no link to human sleep yet due to intrusivity

61
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias

A

Changes in the amount of, timing or restfulness of sleep

62
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia

A

Abnormal sleep behaviours

63
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia, Night terrors

A

Frightening ‘dreams’

Occur in non-REM sleep

64
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia, Sleep-talking and Sleep-walking

A

Tendency to run in families

In both non-REM and REM sleep

65
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

May be caused by stress, anxiety, pain or stimulants

66
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Restless leg syndrome

A

Irresistible urge to move legs

67
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Narcolepsy

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness

68
Q

Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

Stopping breathing during sleep

Correlates to neuron loss and cognitive deficit

69
Q

Dreams - Recording

A

MRI or EEG

Woken intermittently to record dreams

70
Q

Dreams - Effect of Food, Fruit Juice

A

Maintains the nervous system

Results in vivid dreams

71
Q

Dreams - Effect of Food, Dairy

A

Produces amino acids which stimulate melatonin

Increases sleepiness

72
Q

Dreams - Effect of Food, Spice

A

Increases temperature

Results in nightmares

73
Q

Dreams - Effect of Food, Fat

A

Results in negative dreams

74
Q

Dreams - Explanation, Activation-Synthesis Theory, Hobson & McCorley 1977

A

Dreams are an effort to make sense of the days’ infromation

Dreams are caused by physiological brain processes that occur during sleep

75
Q

Dreams - Explanation, Activation-Synthesis Theory, Pons

A

Spontaneous pons activity activate the cortex
Patterns of activity across the cortex combine to synthesis stories from information previously encountered

Explains recurring dreams where the same patterns of activation produce the same dreams

76
Q

Dreams - Explanation, Clinico-Anatomic Theory

A

Dreams begin with arousal stimuli that are generated by the brain

Stimulation combine with memories and sensory information to synthesise stories

77
Q

Dreams - Explanation, Clinico-Anatomic Theory, Brain Activity

A

Increase inferior parital cortex and visual cortex activity, similar to thought
Increase hypothalamus and amygdala activity, similar to emotion experience
If prefrontal activity is inhibited, working memory is impaired and dreams are not remembered in the same way any wakeful information would not be

SP604 (9 decks)

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