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SP604 > Psychological Abnormality > Flashcards

Psychological Abnormality Flashcards

1
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Levinson 2006

A

Meta-analysis of family studies for depression

Tendency for depression to run in families, with closer members having higher concordance rates
MZ > DZ > others

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2
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Genes, Caspi et al 2003

A

Interaction of 5HTT serotonin reuptake protein gene and depression

Short allele + stressful life events = depression

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3
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Viral Infection, Deuschle et al 1998

A

Borna disease contributes to depression in a small population

2% of general population showed depressive symptoms compared to 30% of those exposed to Borna disease

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4
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Hormones, Caparres-Gonzalez 2017

A

Drop in estradiol and progesterone postpartum predicts depression especially in those with a lack of social support or a history of depression

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5
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Hormones, Almeida et al 2008

A

Drop in testosterone levels of older men correlate to depression

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6
Q

Depression - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Li, Xu & Lu 2018

A

Depressed people show decreased left PFC activity and increased right PFC activity

Higher activity synchronisation in right hemisphere

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7
Q

Depression - Treatment, Sleep Distruption, Germais & Kupfer 2008

A

Depressed people show phase-advanced sleep

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8
Q

Depression - Treatment, Sleep Disruption, Giede & Schwarzler 2002

A

Mechanism of sleep deprivation is unknown

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9
Q

Depression - Treatment, ECT, UK ECT Review Group 2003

A

Electroconvulsive therapy is more effective than drug therapy short term

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10
Q

Depression - Treatment, ECT, Greenhalgh et al 2005

A

ECT is effective and safe for treating depression

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11
Q

Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Harmer et al 2009

A

The behavioural effects of antidepressants take weeks to be evident despite chemical effects being almost immediate

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12
Q

Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Cole et al 1964

A

Conventional antipsychotics improved symptoms in 75% of sample compared to 25% of placebo
No symptoms worsened in treatment group but did in placebo group

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13
Q

Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Ravonic et al 2009

A

Compared different antipsychotics

Clozapine > Haloperidol > Chlorpromazine for treatment reduction

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14
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Gottesman et al

A

MZ concordance 48%

DZ concordance 17%

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15
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Ingraham & Kety 2000

A

12.5% concordance of biological relatives

0% concordance of adoptive relatives

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16
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Genes, Callicott et al 2005

A

DISC1 generates hippocampal neurons but may be faulty in schizophrenics

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17
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Genes, Schizophrenic Working Group of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2014

A

108 genes linked to schizophrenia

18
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Weinberger et al 1979

A

CAT scans revealed enlarged ventrices in schizophrenics

19
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Vita et al 1988

A

CAT scans revealed cortical atrophy in schizophrenics

20
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Luchins et al 1979

A

CAT scans revealed reversed cerebral asymmetry

21
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Neurodegenerative Hypothesis, Mathalon et al 2003

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders produce cognitive impairments which leave the brain susceptible neurodegenerative disorders

22
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Neurodegenerative Hypothesis, Howes & Murray 2014

A

Comprehensive explanation of schizophrenia

Genetic predispositions combine with early life factors and later life social stressors to promote dopamine release which interferes with cogntiion to produce hallucinations and delusions which cause further stress and more dopamine release

23
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Glutamate Hypothesis, Hanison et al 2003

A

Schizophrenics show deficients glutamate receptor activity, especially in the PFC and hippocampus

24
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Glutamate Hypothesis, Murray 2002

A

Angel dust drug inhibits NMDA which produces schizophrenic symptoms

25
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Griffiths et al 1968

A

Induced schizphrenia-like psychosis by increasing dopamine activity

26
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Martinez et al 2007

A

Substance-induced psychosis by drugs like cocaine agonise the dopamine system

27
Q

Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Seeman & Lee 2002

A

Antipsychotics work on dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms so therefore schizophrenia must be affected by dopamine

28
Q

Psychological Abnormality - Characteristics

A

Distress of self or others
Dysfunction of daily activities
Danger to self or others
Deviance from the norm

29
Q

Depression - Demographics, Prevalence

A

5-10% point prevalence

15% lifetime prevalence

30
Q

Depression - Demographics, Onset

A

27 years old

Bi-modal

31
Q

Depression - Demographics, Ratio

A

2 female : 1 male

32
Q

Schizophrenia - Demographics, Prevalence

A

1.1% lifetime prevalence

33
Q

Schizophrenia - Demographics, Onset

A

18 years old for males

25 years olf for females

34
Q

Schizophrenia - Demographics, Ratio

A

7 male : 5 female

35
Q

Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Atypical

A

St. John’s Wort

Similar mechanism as SSRI but no need for prescription

36
Q

Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, SSRI

A

Prozac

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin

37
Q

Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Tricyclic

A

Vivadil

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
Also inhibits Na+, acetylcholine and histamine, producing adverse side effects

38
Q

Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, MAOI

A

Parnate

Inhibit monamine-oxidase which usually metabolises serotonin

39
Q

Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Conventional

A

Chlorpromazine

Agonises dopamine receptors

40
Q

Schizphrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Atypical

A

Haloperidol

41
Q

Schizphrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Second-generation

A

Clozapine

Antagonise serotonin receptors more than dopamine receptors
Increase glutamate activity

SP604 (9 decks)

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