Psychological Abnormality Flashcards
Depression - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Levinson 2006
Meta-analysis of family studies for depression
Tendency for depression to run in families, with closer members having higher concordance rates
MZ > DZ > others
Depression - Biological Basis, Genes, Caspi et al 2003
Interaction of 5HTT serotonin reuptake protein gene and depression
Short allele + stressful life events = depression
Depression - Biological Basis, Viral Infection, Deuschle et al 1998
Borna disease contributes to depression in a small population
2% of general population showed depressive symptoms compared to 30% of those exposed to Borna disease
Depression - Biological Basis, Hormones, Caparres-Gonzalez 2017
Drop in estradiol and progesterone postpartum predicts depression especially in those with a lack of social support or a history of depression
Depression - Biological Basis, Hormones, Almeida et al 2008
Drop in testosterone levels of older men correlate to depression
Depression - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Li, Xu & Lu 2018
Depressed people show decreased left PFC activity and increased right PFC activity
Higher activity synchronisation in right hemisphere
Depression - Treatment, Sleep Distruption, Germais & Kupfer 2008
Depressed people show phase-advanced sleep
Depression - Treatment, Sleep Disruption, Giede & Schwarzler 2002
Mechanism of sleep deprivation is unknown
Depression - Treatment, ECT, UK ECT Review Group 2003
Electroconvulsive therapy is more effective than drug therapy short term
Depression - Treatment, ECT, Greenhalgh et al 2005
ECT is effective and safe for treating depression
Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Harmer et al 2009
The behavioural effects of antidepressants take weeks to be evident despite chemical effects being almost immediate
Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Cole et al 1964
Conventional antipsychotics improved symptoms in 75% of sample compared to 25% of placebo
No symptoms worsened in treatment group but did in placebo group
Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Ravonic et al 2009
Compared different antipsychotics
Clozapine > Haloperidol > Chlorpromazine for treatment reduction
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Gottesman et al
MZ concordance 48%
DZ concordance 17%
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Family Studies, Ingraham & Kety 2000
12.5% concordance of biological relatives
0% concordance of adoptive relatives
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Genes, Callicott et al 2005
DISC1 generates hippocampal neurons but may be faulty in schizophrenics
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Genes, Schizophrenic Working Group of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2014
108 genes linked to schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Weinberger et al 1979
CAT scans revealed enlarged ventrices in schizophrenics
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Vita et al 1988
CAT scans revealed cortical atrophy in schizophrenics
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Brain Basis, Luchins et al 1979
CAT scans revealed reversed cerebral asymmetry
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Neurodegenerative Hypothesis, Mathalon et al 2003
Neurodevelopmental disorders produce cognitive impairments which leave the brain susceptible neurodegenerative disorders
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Neurodegenerative Hypothesis, Howes & Murray 2014
Comprehensive explanation of schizophrenia
Genetic predispositions combine with early life factors and later life social stressors to promote dopamine release which interferes with cogntiion to produce hallucinations and delusions which cause further stress and more dopamine release
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Glutamate Hypothesis, Hanison et al 2003
Schizophrenics show deficients glutamate receptor activity, especially in the PFC and hippocampus
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Glutamate Hypothesis, Murray 2002
Angel dust drug inhibits NMDA which produces schizophrenic symptoms
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Griffiths et al 1968
Induced schizphrenia-like psychosis by increasing dopamine activity
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Martinez et al 2007
Substance-induced psychosis by drugs like cocaine agonise the dopamine system
Schizophrenia - Biological Basis, Dopamine Hypothesis, Seeman & Lee 2002
Antipsychotics work on dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms so therefore schizophrenia must be affected by dopamine
Psychological Abnormality - Characteristics
Distress of self or others
Dysfunction of daily activities
Danger to self or others
Deviance from the norm
Depression - Demographics, Prevalence
5-10% point prevalence
15% lifetime prevalence
Depression - Demographics, Onset
27 years old
Bi-modal
Depression - Demographics, Ratio
2 female : 1 male
Schizophrenia - Demographics, Prevalence
1.1% lifetime prevalence
Schizophrenia - Demographics, Onset
18 years old for males
25 years olf for females
Schizophrenia - Demographics, Ratio
7 male : 5 female
Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Atypical
St. John’s Wort
Similar mechanism as SSRI but no need for prescription
Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, SSRI
Prozac
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin
Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, Tricyclic
Vivadil
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine
Also inhibits Na+, acetylcholine and histamine, producing adverse side effects
Depression - Treatment, Antidepressants, MAOI
Parnate
Inhibit monamine-oxidase which usually metabolises serotonin
Schizophrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Conventional
Chlorpromazine
Agonises dopamine receptors
Schizphrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Atypical
Haloperidol
Schizphrenia - Treatment, Antipsychotics, Second-generation
Clozapine
Antagonise serotonin receptors more than dopamine receptors
Increase glutamate activity
