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SP604 > Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells - Glia

A

Small cells in larger supply than neurons that exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocyes / Schwann cells, Radial glia

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2
Q

Cells - Glia, Astrocytes

A

Wrap around the presynaptic terminal and take up chemicals such as neurotransmitters or hormones

Synchronise axon activity

Control blood flow

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3
Q

Cells - Glia, Microglia

A

Remove waste and microorganisms

Function as part of the immune system

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4
Q

Cells - Glia, Oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells

A

Within central and peripheral nervous system

Form myelin sheaths to insulate axons and speed up transmission

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5
Q

Cells - Glia, Radial glia

A

Guide neuron migration during embryo development

Tendency to differentiate into neurons later

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6
Q

Cells - Neuron, Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron membranes across which neurotransmitters diffuse

Used in neuron communication

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7
Q

Cells - Neuron, Dendrite

A

Brings impulses into the neuron

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8
Q

Cells - Neuron, Soma

A

Cell body containing the nucleus and other organelles for cell functioning

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9
Q

Cells - Neuron, Axon

A

Allows transmission along the neuron through electrical current

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10
Q

Cells - Neuron, Node of Ranvier

A

Gap between myelin sheaths where depolarisation and repolarisation take place, allowing saltatory conduction

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11
Q

Cells - Neuron, Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating layer made up fo Schwann cells / Oligodendrocytes to allow saltatory conduction and speed up transmission

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12
Q

Cells - Neuron, Presynaptic Terminal

A

End of the axon where chemicals are released into the synaptic cleft

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13
Q

Cells - Neuron, Motor Neuron

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effector cells

Soma sits within the spinal cord, axon leaves the spina cord

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14
Q

Cells - Neuron, Sensory Neuron

A

Conducuts impules from specialised receptor cells to CNS

Soma sits to the side of the axon

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15
Q

Cells - Neuron, Intrinsic / Intermediate Neuron

A

Conducts impulses between sensory and motor neurons

Entire neuron including dendrites and axon terminals is contained within the structure that the neuron is found

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16
Q

Nervous System - Peripheral, Somatic

A

Controls voluntary muscles

Conveys sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS

Conscious and voluntary

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17
Q

Nervous System - Peripheral

A

Somatic and Autonomic systems

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18
Q

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic

A

Sends and receives messages for homeostatic purposes

Unconscious and involuntary

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic, Sympathetic

A

Prepares organs for activity, monitoring the fight-or-flight response

Postganglionic synapses use norepinephrine

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20
Q

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic, Parasympathetic

A

Vegetative, non-emergency responses

Postganglionic synapses use acetylcholine
Preganglionic axons are long and extend from the spinal cord

21
Q

Nervous System - Central

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

22
Q

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord

A

Made up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves connecting the brain and body with the spinal column

Receives sensory information and sends signals to the motor system

Connected to thr spinal nerve by the ventral routes

23
Q

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord, Grey matter

A

Made up of cell bodies and dendrites

In the centre of the spinal cord

24
Q

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord, White matter

A

Made up of myelinated axons

In the outer of the spina cord

25
Q

Nervous System - Brain

A

Subcortical structures - Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Ventricles

4 lobes of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal, Frontal, Occipital, Parietal

26
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Wall alongside the brain’s blood vessel to minimise risk of irreparable brain damage

Some small, lipid-solube, uncharged molecules can diffuse across it

Larger molecules such as glucose or amino acids require active transport

27
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Nourishment

A

Relies on glucose and ketones which can cross the blood-brain barrier

Thiamine is required to enable glucose consumption, and deficiency can cause neuron death or memory impairment

28
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain

A

Posterior of the brain

Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

29
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Medulla

A

Above the sponal cord, responsible for reflexes

Controls sensations of the head from 12 pairs of cranial nerves

30
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Pons

A

Either side of the Medulla

Contains the nuclei of some cranical nerves

Made up of the reticular formation and raphe system which increase arousal and readiness

31
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Cerebellum

A

Base of the brain that has many deep folds

Regulates motor movement, balance and coordination, also aiding attention-switching between audition and vision

32
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain

A

Tectum and Tegmentum

33
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain, Tectum

A

Superior colliculi for visual processing

Inferior colliculi for auditory processing

34
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain, Tegmentum

A

Intermdiate level with cranical nerves

Also part of the reticular formation

35
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Ventricles

A

Fluid-filled cavity in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid to cushion mechanical shock, provide buoyancy and act as a hormone / nutritional reservoir

36
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex

A

Cellular layers on the outer cerebral hemispheres

Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal lobes

37
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Occipital Lobe

A

Posterior of the brain

Vision

38
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Parietal Lobe

A

Including postcentral gyrus

Touch and position processing

39
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Temporal Lobe

A

At the temples underneath Parietal lobe

Audition, speech and eye movement

40
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe

A

At the front including prefrontal and precentral gyri

Motor movement and executive function

41
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain

A

Formed of 2 hemispheres joined by the Corpus Callosum

Contaisn the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical structures such as the limbic system, diencephalon, pituitary gland, basal ganglia and hippocampus

Lateralised so that each hemisphere receives sensory information from the opposite side of the body

42
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Limbic System

A

Involved in motivation, emotion, memory, aggression and drive

Olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

43
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

44
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon, Thalamus

A

Sensory organ structure

Main input received from the sensory source relayed to the cortex

45
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon, Hypothalamus

A

Conveys messages to the Pituitary Gland to alter hormone release

Influenced by behaviours and drives

46
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Pituitary Gland

A

Gland at the base of thr Hypothalamus

Produces hormones involved in homeostasis

47
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Basal Ganglia

A

Influences planning of movement, memory and emotional expression (disgust)

Formed of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

48
Q

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Hippocampus

A

Involved in the storage of memories

SP604 (9 decks)

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