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SP604 > Genetics and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Genetics and Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomal Abnormality - Trisomy

A

Having one or more extra chromosomes

e.g. Down’s syndrome, Trisomy 21

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2
Q

Chromosomal Abnormality - Monosomy

A

Having only one of a pair of chromosomes
Rare in autosomes as embryos with monosomy not viable

e.g. Turner syndrome, on X chromosome (only in females as have another X to compensate)

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3
Q

Genetics - Homozygous

A

Alleles are the same

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4
Q

Genetics - Heterozygous

A

Alleles are different

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5
Q

Genetics - Dominant

A

Only one allele is necessary to produce characteristic

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6
Q

Genetics - Recessive

A

Both alleles must be the same to produce the characterstic

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7
Q

Genetics - Intermediate

A

Both alleles equally expressed in heterozygous pairs

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8
Q

Genetics - Autosomal Dominant

A

If the abnormal genes is inherited, the disorder is present
No carriers

e.g. Huntington’s disease

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9
Q

Genetics - Autosomal Recessive

A

The abnormal gene must be inherited from both parents in order for the disorder to be present
Carriers

e.g. Phenylketonuria

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10
Q

Genetics - X-Linkage

A

Genes on the X chromosome are affected so are male-prone disorders

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11
Q

Genetics - Sex-Linkage

A

Allele is located on the sex chromosomes

e.g. Fragile X Syndrome

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12
Q

Genetics - Sex-linked Dominant

A

Heterozygous mothers pass onto 1/2 of children

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13
Q

Genetics - Sex-linked Recessive

A

Both parents would need to pass on same allele

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14
Q

Genetics - Sex-limited

A

On autosomal chromosomes but triggered by sex hormones

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15
Q

Evolution

A

Animals and plants are dynamic species
Evolution is gradual and continuous
All organisms come from a common ancestor

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16
Q

Natural Selection

A

Adapting to a changing environment or maintaining state in a stable environment

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17
Q

Natural Selection - Assumptions

A

Variation within population
Inheritance of genetics from previous generation
Adaptation to current environment

18
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics

A

Looks at specific causes of behaviour by locating specific genes associated with behavioural traits

e.g. MAOA-L and violence

19
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Singe Gene Disorders

A

Only one gene is responsible for prevalence of a disorder

20
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Single Gene Disorders, Necessary

A

The effect cannot be present without the cause

Genetic disorders will only occur if a particular mutation is present
e.g. Huntington’s disease can only occur if the specific mutated gene is present

21
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Single Gene Disorders, Sufficient

A

The cause will always result in the effect but the effect can be present if the cause is not present

Genetics disorders will occur if the mutation is present but can also occur as a result of a different cause, in absence of the mutation
e.g. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

22
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders

A

Multiple genes, in combination with the environment and lifestule, produce disorders

23
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders, Gene-Environment Correlation, Passive

A

Child is the recipient of an environment as a result of the parent’s genetic tendencies which are also inherited

e.g. Parents have ‘musical’ genes and so have instruments in the home and go to concerts, the child is put into this environment where thier inherited genes flourish

24
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders, Gene-Environment Correlation, Active

A

Child’s genetic tendencies correlate to their environments

e.g. Children inherantly extroverted seek out stimulating environments

25
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders, Gene-Environment Correlation, Evocative

A

Child’s genetic predispositions evoke reactions from others which change the environment experience

e.g. Child is inherently naughty and those around them scold them and apply strict rules which makes the child want to rebel even more

26
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders, Multiplier Effects

A

Genetic or prenatal influences increase tendencies whihc are faciliatated by the environment

27
Q

Studying Genetics - Molecular Genetics, Multiple Gene Disorders, Multiplier Effects, Bohman 1996

A

Percentage of petty criminality is much higher if individuals have both genetic and environmental risk factors

No risk < Environmental risk < Genetic risk < Environmental & Genetic risk

28
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics

A

Use of observational and statistical methods to assess the extent to which variation in traits is influenced by genetics

29
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Heritability

A

Estimation of the proportion of trait variance due to differences in genetics

From 0 (no genetic influence) to 1 (entirely genetic influence)
Estimates are dependent on population, timing and environment
30
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Twin Studies

A

Compare similairites between MZ and DZ twins raised together and apart

If MZ = DZ, no genetic effect
If MZ > DZ, genetic effect
If MZ = 2DZ, entirely genetic effect

31
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Twin Studies, Riemann et al 1997

A

Compare MZ and DZ twins

Personality is 54% heritable

32
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Twin Studies, Error

A

Gene-Environment Correlation
MZ may be treated more similarly than DX
MZ share prenatal membranes

33
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Adoption Studies

A

Compare correlations between adopted and biological families

If biological > adoptive, genetic influence
If adoptive > genetic, environmental influence

34
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Adoption Studies, Lykken et al 1993

A

Look at MZ raised together and apart and DZ raised together

MZ together .49
MZ apart .42
DZ together .23

Similarity in MZ together and apart suggests genetic component but alos environment due to not being the same

35
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Adoption Studies, Error

A

Prenatal environment and early environment is shared before separation / adoption

36
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Animal Studies

A

Breeding of animal generations for selection of traits to indicate heritability

37
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Animal Studies, Benefits

A

Ethical
Can track mating
Can breed large populations
Control over exposure to conditions

38
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Animal Studies, Tryon 1940

A

Bred rats to diverge into ‘dull’ or ‘bright’ rats who could work their way out of a maze

Indicate heritability of intelligence / spatial awareness

39
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Complications

A

Overlapping of environments from separated twins
Assortative mating underestimates heritability
Malnutrition during childhood can deactivate genes and understimate heritability
Prenatal environments are not inherited but are from biological family

40
Q

Studying Genetics - Quantitative Genetics, Measurement, Adoption Studies, Ingraham & Kety 2000

A

Schizophrenia concordance

0% adopted family
12.5% biological family

SP604 (9 decks)

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