Emotional Behaviour Flashcards
Emotion - Buck 1998
Involves feelings associated with expressive behaviours alongside peripheral physiological responses
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange
Arousal precedes the conscious feeling of emotion
Assumes an increase in arousal will enhance feelings of emotion
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange, Autonomic Feedback Hypothesis
People with locked-in syndrome have no skeletal response but show autonomic arousal
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange, Autonomic Feedback Hypothesis, Wiens et al 2000
People who can detect their heart rate accurately experience more intense emotion
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange, Autonomic Feedback Hypothesis, Heims et al 2004
Individuals with pure autonomic failure show no autonomic responses and impaired emotional experience
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange, Muscle Feedback Hypothesis, Lewis & Bowler 2009
Individuals with Botox cannot frown and alsoo experience less negative emotion
Theories of Emotion - James-Lange, Muscle Feedback Hypothesis, Strack, Martin & Stepper 1988
Holding a pen in the teeth to produce a smile increase positive emotion
Holding a pen in the lips to produce a frown increases negative emotion
Theories of Emotion - Cannon-Bard
Thalamus sends messages to the brain and hypothalamus simultaneously resulting in autonomic arousal and conscious emotion at the same time
Theories of Emotion - Schacter-Singer
Stimulus results in arousal which is then appraised using cues from the environment to inform individuals of which emotion they are experiencing
Can explain misattribution of arousal
Theories of Emotion - Schacter-Singer, Schacter & Singer 1962
Participants given adrenaline or placebo
Some were told the effects of the adrenaline so arousal could be explained
Participants were exposed to a happy or hostile confederate
Those with the adrenaline (to produce arousal) that were not told the effects (could not explain arousal) experienced stronger emotions in line with the confederate they were exposed to
Theories of Emotion - Schacter-Singer, White et al 1960
Swinging-bridge study
More likely to call back if walked over swinging bridge as the subsequent arousal was attributed to the experimenter’s attractiveness rather than the bridge
Communicating Emotion - Facial Expression, Ekman et al 1982
Certain expressions are recognised across cultures, despite differences in their expression and judgements
Communicating Emotion - Facial Expression, Jack et al 2009
Different cultures judge the same emotion differently
Eye-tracking heat map
East Asians will use the eyes to judge emotion
Westerners will use the mouth to judge emotion
Communicating Emotion - Body Language, Heider-Simmel 1944
Emotional recognition is easier when individuals are in the presence of another, possibly due to baseline comparisons
Communicating Emotion - Body Language, Clark et al 2005
Bodies do not need to be physically present to recognise emotion
Point light displays can be used for emotion recognition
Communicating Emotion - Problems, Baron-Cohen et al 1997
Individuals with Autism show impaired emotion recognition when using the eyes
Able to recognise emotion from whole face
Able to recognise gender from just eyes
Communicating Emotion - Problems, Jones, Carr & Klin 2008
Individuals with Autism look at the eyes less and the mouth more
If eyes show emotion and those with Autism do not tend to look at them, this explains why their emotion perception is deficient
Eye fixation time correlates positively to level of social disability
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Adolphs et al 1995
Bilateral amygdala damage impairs fear processing
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Patient SM
Bilateral amygdala destruction
Inability to recognise or generate images to represent fear
Stems from inability to use information from the eyes to recognise emotions unless directed to
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Feinstein et al 2012
Individuals with amygdala lesions show no fear manifestations
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Whalen et al 2004
fMRI
Fear is shown in the eyes from increased sclera (whites)
Viewing only the sclera of eyes results in increased amygdala activity
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Testosterone, Hermans, Ramsey & van Honk
Exogeneous testosterone increases amygdala activity in response to threat
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Testosterone, van Honk & Schutter 2007
Testosterone reduces conscious detection of facial signlas, resulting in antisocial behaviour
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Fear Conditioning, Gao et al 2010
Lack of fear at aged 3 correlates to increased criminality at age 23
Emotional Brain - Amygdala, Threat Ambiguity, Adams et al
fMRI
Larger activity in amygdala when anger in averted and fear is direct, indicating threat from elsewhere
Emotional Brain - Insula, Harrison et al 2010
Body-boundary violations activate the inferiror insular cortex
Core disgust activates the superior insular cortex
Could support James-Lange theory where the location of the arousal informs the type of emotion
Emotional Brain - Insula, Phillips et al 1998
fMRI
Strong to mild facial disgust results in anterior insular cortex activity
Does not result in amygdala activity, dissociating amygdala’s role in all emotion
Emotional Brain - Insula, Calder et al 2000
Patient NK had an insula lesion
Showed significant impairments in recognition and experience of disgust but no other emotions
Emotional Brain - Hemispheric Differences, Left Hemisphere
Location of BAS
Individuals with greater activity in the left frontal cortex tend to be happier
Emotional Brain - Hemispheric Differences, Right Hemisphere
Location of BIS
Emotional Brain - Hemispheric Differences, Right Hemisphere, Sander & Scheich 2001
Right hemisphere shows increased amygdala activiy when exposed to crying or laughter compared to left hemisphere
Emotional Brain - Hemispheric Differences, Right Hemisphere, Rosen et al 2002
Individuals with frontotemporal dementia show abnormal emotional processing, impaired comprehence of negative valence emotions
Levels of emotional comprehnsion correlate to atrophy of the right amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex
