W9 Prairie Provinces Flashcards
Prairie Provinces
-This region is home to the provinces of ASM
-Though they are referred to as the Prairie Provinces, the landscape of the northern part of each province is primarily _____ _____.
-The economy is based on โก๏ธer and a๐พ.
-๐ข๏ธ๐กโฌ
๏ธ
-๐บ๏ธ๐๐ฃ๐ชจ
-๐โบ๏ธ+EE๐
Prairie Provinces
-This region is home to the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
-Though they are referred to as the Prairie Provinces, the landscape of the northern part of each province is primarily boreal forest.
-The economy is based on energy resources and agriculture.
-Oil is the most important natural resource and is found in the western part of the region.
-Tourism is highest in the foothills of the Rockies.
-There is a relatively high Indigenous population and a relatively high proportion of people of Eastern European ethnicity.
Name Origins
Alberta
โ PLC Alberta was the _th daughter of QV and PA.
Name Origins
Alberta
โ Princess Louise Caroline Alberta was the 4th daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
Name Origins
Saskatchewan
โ Derived from a ____ word meaning โsfw๐จ๐ฆโ.
Name Origins
Saskatchewan
โ Derived from a Cree word meaning โswift flowing waterโ.
Name Origins
Manitoba
โ Derived from a Cree word meaning โs o t gs๐โ
Name Origins
Manitoba
โ Derived from a Cree word meaning โstraits of the great spiritโ
Physical Geography
-๐ฉป๐ก๏ธ
-The climate is characterized by:๐ฅถ๐ต,๐ฅต๐ต
-______ temperatures (-40 degrees to 35 degrees) are a result of the ___distance from oceanic influences (__________).
-Orographic uplift of Pacific air masses causes them to release moisture on the west side of the Rockies leaving little precipitation for the Prairie Provinces.
Physical Geography
-The region mainly lies within the Interior Plains and Canadian Shield.
-The climate is characterized by cold, dry winters and hot, dry summers.
-Extreme temperatures (-40 degrees to 35 degrees) are a result of the far distance from oceanic influences (water moderates temperatures).
-Orographic uplift of Pacific air masses causes them to release moisture on the west side of the Rockies leaving little precipitation for the Prairie Provinces.
The Great Sand Hills
-sw sask (in _______ triangle).
-It is a unique landscape formed from ____ that has caused the sandy beach deposits of former glacial lakes to form into ______.
-The dunes have _____ and remain in place as grasslands have encroached around them.
The Great Sand Hills
-This is an isolated area located in southwestern Saskatchewan (in Palliserโs triangle).
-It is a unique landscape formed from wind that has caused the sandy beach deposits of former glacial lakes to form into dunes.
-The dunes have stabilized and remain in place as grasslands have encroached around them.
Historical Geography
-Land surveyors were preparing the land for Eastern European settlement in the late 1860s. Due to the lack of _________ obstacles,โป๏ธ
-Each square lot was _ of a square mile in area.
-The land survey pattern ______ the fact that some land was already occupied by Indigenous Peoples
Historical Geography
-Land surveyors were preparing the land for Eastern European settlement in the late 1860s. Due to the lack of topographic obstacles, it was easy to divide the land into a grid system with lots in the size of perfect squares.
-Each square lot was ยผ of a square mile in area.
-The land survey pattern ignored the fact that some land was already occupied by Indigenous Peoples
Surveying the Land
-The most populous group of Indigenous Peoples in the region were the ______(over 12,000 people). They reacted to the surveyors with ______ ______
-Other more ___-_______ Indigenous Peoples felt little choice but to sign treaties.
-Each newcomer family from Eastern Europe was given one square lot.
-In many cases they were given the land on which to build a homestead for free, but there was no access to electricity or plumbing
Surveying the Land
-The most populous group of Indigenous Peoples in the region were the Mรฉtis (over 12,000 people). They reacted to the surveyors with organized rebellions.
-Other more semi-nomadic Indigenous Peoples felt little choice but to sign treaties.
-Each newcomer family from Eastern Europe was given one square lot.
-In many cases they were given the land on which to build a homestead for free, but there was no access to electricity or plumbing
Challenges Facing Homesteaders
-โช๏ธโ๏ธ๐โฆ๐ฆ
-Many settlers were not prepared for the climate (cd,w,t,h) and the โ๏ธ๐ฆ๐ฅค.
-Homesteaders were forced to be innovative (e.g., practicing ______ ________) for their crops to succeed.
โ Summer Fallow: 1yr๐๏ธ๐งด
Challenges Facing Homesteaders
-The grid and square based survey system encouraged a highly dispersed rural population which created a sense of isolation.
-Many settlers were not prepared for the climate (cold, drought, wind, thunderstorms, hail) and the far distance to any large population centres.
-Homesteaders were forced to be innovative (e.g., practicing summer fallow) for their crops to succeed.
โ SummerFallow: the practice of leaving land idle for a year or more to accumulate soil moisture (wonโt have plants taking moisture from the soil for a year).
Political Movements in the Prairies
-Several new parties developed in the region as a result of dissatisfaction with the federal government.
CSRC
- CCF(_________ _______ _______)
โ Founded in 19__it had a _________ philosophy and is now known as theโฆโฆ - SCP (1935-1993)
โ ๐; its popularity was maximized in the 1940s and _____ - RP (1987-2000)
โ It was founded in _______and had a strong ๐ต philosophy.
โ It became the official ______ in Ottawa and then changed its name to the CA. - CA (2000-2003)
โ Once led by former prime minister SH, it merged with the _______Conservative Party in 200_ to form the current Conservative Party.
Political Movements in the Prairies
-Several new parties developed in the region as a result of dissatisfaction with the federal government.
CSRC
- CCF(Co-operative Commonwealth Federation)
โ Founded in 1932, it had a socialist philosophy and is now known as the New Democratic Party (NDP). - Social Credit Party (1935-1993)
โ It had strict religious philosophy; its popularity was maximized in the 1940s and 1950s. - Reform Party (1987-2000)
โ It was founded in Alberta and had a strong conservative (right-wing) philosophy.
โ It became the official opposition in Ottawa and then changed its name to the Canadian Alliance. - Canadian Alliance (2000-2003)
โ Once led by former prime minister Stephen Harper, it merged with the Progressive Conservative Party in 2003 to form the current Conservative Party.
The CPR
-First Prime Minister_____ _ _______ P๐ค๏ธA
-The U.S. had already completed three ________railways by the 1870s.
- The HNC owned much of the land in the W. The FG paid the company in exchange for allowing the construction of the railroad.
The Canadian Pacific Railway
-First Prime Minister John A. Macdonaldโs vision of Canada included a railroad extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
-The U.S. had already completed three transcontinental railways by the 1870s.
- The Hudson Bay Company owned much of the land in the West. The federal government paid the company in exchange for allowing the construction of the railroad.
Early Settlement Patterns
-๐ก๐ซฅ๐๐ค๏ธ
-๐ฆฎ๐ฉ๐ฝโ๐พ.
-Larger towns developed around _____ ______; roughly every _____ settlement along a railroad was larger and provided more diverse services than villages (e.g., a school or a medical clinic).
-๐ช.
Early Settlement Patterns
-Initially, villages and towns were arranged in a linear pattern linked to railroads.
-These settlements provided basic services for nearby farmers. -Larger towns developed around grain elevators; roughly every third settlement along a railroad was larger and provided more diverse services than villages (e.g., a school or a medical clinic).
-Each village was home to frequently used services (e.g., general stores).
Grain Elevators๐ฆ๐พ
^a way to store grain for shipping by railroads.
Rural Population Decline
โ Since 1940, the rural population in the Prairies has steadily declined. Why?
1.F๐โ๏ธ๐ฆ๐๐ฅค
2.G๐พ๐๐
-nl
-๐ก
- Farms became larger and more mechanized leading to a lower population density.
- Grain farms became more common.
โ There is no livestock on these types of farms thus minimal staffing is necessary.
โ Farmers donโt need to actually live on these farms.
Declining Villagesโ The population of many villages has also declined. Why? LAR
1.๐๐๐๐ผ
- ๐๐๐>๐ค๏ธ,๐ฃ๏ธ๐๐ก
3.๐
- Lower rural population density of rural areas leads to less business for villages.
- An increased use of trucks and cars as opposed to railroads. When new roads and highways were built, they tended to bypass small villages.
- Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation corridors were shut down.Fewer villages resulted in a reduced need to maintain a dense local transportation network therefore leading to a cycle of change: โ Decline in villages โ closing local roads and rails
โ Closing local roads and rails โ decline in villages
- Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation _______ were shut down.
๐v๐r
: โ _____
โ Closing local roads and rails โ decline in villages
- Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation corridors were shut down.Fewer villages resulted in a reduced need to maintain a dense local transportation network therefore leading to a cycle of change: โ Decline in villages โ closing local roads and rails
โ Closing local roads and rails โ decline in villages
Sites of Growth
While small villages have declined, larger communities have seen growth: DSR
1.D: lit-wc
2. S:๐ฆฎ pc
3.:R๐ชต
- Dormitory towns (people live in town but work in a nearby large city- entirely residential).
- Sites of government services (provincial capitals).
- Resource towns (exist because of a natural resource).
Agriculture
-๐๏ธ
-Historically๐ฅw๐ฅc
-c๐ฒ,๐ethโฆ๐๏ธ
^C๐ฅ
C, SW, DW,Lc๐ต
Agriculture
-Agriculture was the driving force behind the settlement and early development of the Prairies.
-Wheat has historically been the most valuable crop, but canola has become increasingly common.
-Higher prices for canola today have been triggered by the increasing demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel for vehicles.
^The most common crop in the Prairies today is canola, it has overtaken wheat.
^all the crops here like dry climates.
Agricultural Belts
-Alโf,d,af
-The major differences among these areas areโณ+๐งด
-In the _________ _____, the grain grown is of lower quality and is used primarily to raise livestock
Agricultural Belts
-Agricultural land in the Prairies is divided into the fertile belt, dry belt, and agricultural fringe.
-The major differences among these areas are the length of the growing season and the amount of soil moisture.
-In the agricultural fringe, the grain grown is of lower quality and is used primarily to raise livestock
The Fertile Belt
-๐๐งด ๐ฅถ๐
-Typical crops are c,w,b,p,s๐๐ต๐ฉณ
-๐ฟc+bp^๐ถ๐พ
The Fertile Belt
-It has relatively high levels of soil moisture and an adequate frost-free period.
-Typical crops are canola, wheat, beans, peas, and sunflowers (do well in drought and short growing seasons).
-Mixed farming is common (crops mixed with beef and pork production). ^dark brown soil indicates fertility
The Dry Belt
-๐o๐พ
-The practice of ________ __________ is common.
โ _________ _________: ๐
the stubble aids in cw and rse
-________ is necessary due to long periods of dry weather
The Dry Belt
-Cattle ranching is the typical land use. Wheat is the only crop that can grow in this area.
-The practice of continuous cropping is common.
โ Continuous Cropping: a practice where the stubble (base) left after harvest is not removed; the stubble aids in controlling weeds and reducing soil erosion.
-Irrigation is necessary due to long periods of dry weather
Livestock Industry
-Livestock processing is an important ______ sector industry in the Prairies.
-As with other resources, the main export market is the ___ _______.
-There are large ๐ช plants in BRL
Livestock Industry
-Livestock processing is an important secondary sector industry in the Prairies.
-As with other resources, the main export market is the United States.
-There are large slaughtering plants in Brandon, Red Deer, and Lethbridge.
Oil Industry
-๐ข๏ธ๐ฌ๐บ๐ธ.
-๐๐ท๐ป
-๐๐จโโ๏ธ ,cde๐
-๐ช
-There is also minor production activity in ses and swm.
- g = g coloured oil, b = os.
-The sedimentary rock underlying the western Prairies contains valuable deposits of ____ ______.
-T๐ฅ๏ธ๐ โ๐ข๏ธ,โ๏ธ-๐p
-Vast amounts of oil that are mixed with sand is called THink of oily person bites u ______.
-_______ is mixed with๐ฅ๐ง,๐ฌpp,๐ฆhcm->๐ and transported to processing plants where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones.
- The product is then supplied to _______ through ใฐ๏ธ which then process it into g,d,p (๐
299)
Oil Industry
-Of the oil that Canada exports today, most goes to the U.S. (98%).
-The oil industry currently supports over 500,000 jobs in Canada.
-Due to improved regulations, the carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of oil produced in the oil sands has fallen 36% since 2000.
-Fort McMurray is the major oil production centre.
-There is also minor production activity in southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba.
- ^green blobs = ginger-ale coloured oil, brown blobs = oil sands.
-The sedimentary rock underlying the western Prairies contains valuable deposits of fossil fuels.
-Technological advancements during the 1970s created a method to separate the oil from sand therefore allowing output to greatly increase.
-Vast amounts of oil that are mixed with sand is called bitumen.
-Bitumen is mixed with hot water and transported to processing plants where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones.
- The product is then supplied to refineries through pipelines which then process it into gasoline, diesel, and propane (one such pipeline terminates in Sarnia)
Environmental Issues
-๐ฆ๐๏ธ?
-๐งโ๐ข๏ธ,โ๏ธ->๐ง๐งซ->๐
๐๏ธ
-๐๐ง๐งซ and is stored in vast _____ponds.
-Leakage from the ponds can affect groundwater or nearby surface water, including the ______ River.
-Regulations require oil companies to reclaim the _____ ponds currently housing the toxic sludge.
-๐โฐ๏ธ
Environmental Issues
-The oil industry faces the problem of what to do with the vast quantity of waste products.
-The water that is used to separate oil from sand becomes toxic and then cannot be released into local rivers or lakes.
-The amount of toxic water is increasing daily and is stored in vast tailing ponds.
-Leakage from the ponds can affect groundwater or nearby surface water, including the Athabasca River.
-Regulations require oil companies to reclaim the tailing ponds currently housing the toxic sludge.
-New projects are underway to bury the sludge in deep pits and cover it with layers of soil.
Note: think of tailing ponds as the bacteria is on the tail of the otter in the pond.
Video: Alberta Oil Sands
1.In terms of the amount of tar sands oil reserves, where does Canada stand relative to the rest of the world?
-160k,per day
-๐tosr
1.In terms of the amount of tar sands oil reserves, where does Canada stand relative to the rest of the world?
-Produces 160,000 barrels per day.
-Ranks very high on world scale for tar sands oil reserves.
- What would happen to the oil sands if oil prices dropped to a very low amount ($25 per barrel)?
- They would continue to produce.
-They way the reserves are set up they canโt stop once theyโve started. Even if they left, oil would still be coming out.
- What would happen to the oil sands if oil prices dropped to a very low amount ($25 per barrel)?
- ๐งค
-โค๏ธโ๐ฉน๐ญ
- What change has been noticed in the length of the forest fire season in western Canada?
-๐
-1me
- What change has been noticed in the length of the forest fire season in western Canada?
- What fact does the Environment Minister of Alberta provide to emphasize how important the oil sands currently are to Canadaโs economy?
-๐ฆ_% of Canadaโs GDP relies on Canadaโs oil.
- What fact does the Environment Minister of Alberta provide to emphasize how important the oil sands currently are to Canadaโs economy?
-20% of Canadaโs GDP relies on Canadaโs oil.
Mining
-โซ๏ธ in A along the es of the โฐ๏ธ
-P___ (used as a fertilizer) and U____ (used in nuclear power plants) are mined in ________
-cn are mined in the ๐ก๏ธ in ______.
-_______s a resource town economically based on a ๐ช. The mine, railroad link, and the town itself were all developed in 1957
Mining
-There are coal deposits in Alberta along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
-Potash (used as a fertilizer) and uranium (used in nuclear power plants) are mined in Saskatchewan.
-Copper and nickel are mined in the Canadian Shield in Manitoba.
-Thompson is a resource town economically based on a nickel mine. The mine, railroad link, and the town itself were all developed in 1957
Forestry
- ๐ฒโญ๏ธ% ๐ชตA
-In M๐๐งป
Forestry
-Nearly 75% of the lumber production in the Prairies is in Alberta.
-In Manitoba, there are small resource towns economically based on large pulp and paper mills.
Urbanization in the Prairies
-๐โก๏ธ๐๏ธ.
-๐ฆ๐ฅค1/7CMAs (in order of population):
โ C, E, W, S,R,L,R
Other notable cities:
โ M,B,P,MJ
^notice lack of trees in ______. (ria shaved finally)
Urbanization in the Prairies
-The population has undergone a dramatic rural to urban shift over the past 100 years.
-Much of the population in the Prairies lives in one of the 7 CMAs (in order of population):
โ Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, Lethbridge, Red Deer
Other notable cities:
โ Medicine Hat, Brandon, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw
^notice lack of trees in Regina.
Urban Centres in the Prairies
Gateway Cities
- Some cities in the ______ Prairies act as collection and distribution points between the_____ and the _____ to their ๐.
-The size of the gateway city often reflects the ๐ฉ๐ชand extent of the ______.
Examples:
โ EdmontonโNah(op). ๐ข๏ธ
โ Prince Albert โ Nsh.
โ ThompsonโNmh.
-The ๐ PA+T->๐๐ฉ๐ชn their hinterlands.
Gateway Cities
- Some cities in the central Prairies act as collection and distribution points between the city and the hinterland to their north.
-The size of the gateway city often reflects the economic strength and extent of the hinterland.
Examples:
โ EdmontonโNorthern Alberta hinterland (oil production).
โ Prince Albert โ Northern Saskatchewan hinterland.
โ ThompsonโNorthern Manitoba hinterland.
-The smaller size of Prince Albert and Thompson indicates lower economic strength in their hinterlands.
Southern Alberta
-The corridor from E-C has ๐๐ช๐ฅค
- ๐ฌ
-๐๐ฆc.
Southern Alberta
-The corridor from Edmonton to Calgary has become one of the more densely populated areas in Canada.
- Very high growth rates are evident in this area (over 40% in 15 years).
-Red Deer is in the center of the corridor.
Calgary
-B๐ซ,Iโฝ๏ธ,s๐ข ๐ค๐ช.
-๐๐ปB๐บ๏ธ.
-e-๐ข๏ธ๐ค
Calgary
-B.P., Imperial Oil (Esso), and Shell each have headquarter operations in Calgary.
-The proximity to the Rocky Mountains and Banff supports a tourism industry in the city.
-The economy is greatly dependent on oil (unemployment rates in Calgary are correlated to oil prices).
Edmonton
-It is the _________ metropolitan area in NA. The AB (NL)๐ฆ
-๐ข๏ธ๐ฉ๐ปโโ๏ธcentre (____ of Alberta).
-The r ๐sector is driven by WEM (the largest ___ in NA.
Edmonton
-It is the northernmost metropolitan area in North America with over 1 million people. The Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) are frequently visible there.
-Along with being an oil production centre, it is an important government centre (capital of Alberta).
-The retail sector is driven by West Edmonton Mall (the largest mall in North America).
Winnipeg
-WC๐๐ฆ .
-๐g.ptw.
-In 19๐๐, Winnipeg was the ๐ฆC in P
-It was a major centre for๐พ๐งค and was the a๐f ๐ฒhub of the region.
-๐๐พ๐ฌW,bc ๐ต๐น๐๐
-W๐ฆ cma until the 19๐ฒ0s
Winnipeg
-The city was the historic gateway to Western Canada.
-At one point, all goods that were shipped to the Prairies from the manufacturing core of Canada passed through Winnipeg.
-In 1900, Winnipeg was the largest city in the Prairies.
-It was a major centre for grain processing and was the administrative and financial hub of the region.
-The amount of grain shipped to Winnipeg decreased steadily as the port in Vancouver grew larger.
-Winnipeg remained the largest CMA in the Prairies until the 1970s
The Red River and Flooding
-The Red River flows โฌ๏ธ through very๐ซ with relatively impermeable ๐ฟ________ soil.
- In the ____, a โ๏ธ at the ๐ฟs +๐ชซ .
-At the same time,๐ฅถN->๐ฆซ
The Red River and Flooding
-The Red River flows from south to north through very flat land with relatively impermeable chernozemic soil.
- In the Spring, a melting snowpack at the head of the river (in the south) adds to the discharge.
-At the same time, ice at the mouth of the river (in the north) creates a damming effect
The Red River Floodway
-After frequent flooding events, the provincial government invested in constructing the _____ in 19๐.
- It is an ๐คwaterway 48 km long designed to ____ excess water around the city.
- ๐๐ค
The Red River Floodway
-After frequent flooding events, the provincial government invested in constructing the Red River Floodway in 1969
-. It is an artificial waterway 48 km long designed to divert excess water around the city.
-It is estimated that the floodway has saved billions of dollars in economic losses since it opened.
