W9 Prairie Provinces

Question 1

Prairie Provinces
-This region is home to the provinces of ASM
-Though they are referred to as the Prairie Provinces, the landscape of the northern part of each province is primarily _____ _____.
-The economy is based on ⚡️er and a🌾.
-🛢️💡⬅️
-🗺️📈👣🪨
-📈⛺️+EE🌍

Answer 1

Prairie Provinces
-This region is home to the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
-Though they are referred to as the Prairie Provinces, the landscape of the northern part of each province is primarily boreal forest.
-The economy is based on energy resources and agriculture.
-Oil is the most important natural resource and is found in the western part of the region.
-Tourism is highest in the foothills of the Rockies.
-There is a relatively high Indigenous population and a relatively high proportion of people of Eastern European ethnicity.

Question 2

Name Origins
Alberta
● PLC Alberta was the _th daughter of QV and PA.

Answer 2

Name Origins
Alberta
● Princess Louise Caroline Alberta was the 4th daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.

Question 3

Name Origins
Saskatchewan
● Derived from a ____ word meaning “sfw💨💦”.

Answer 3

Name Origins
Saskatchewan
● Derived from a Cree word meaning “swift flowing water”.

Question 4

Name Origins
Manitoba
● Derived from a Cree word meaning “s o t gs😇”

Answer 4

Name Origins
Manitoba
● Derived from a Cree word meaning “straits of the great spirit”

Question 5

Physical Geography
-🩻🛡️
-The climate is characterized by:🥶🌵,🥵🌵
-______ temperatures (-40 degrees to 35 degrees) are a result of the ___distance from oceanic influences (__________).
-Orographic uplift of Pacific air masses causes them to release moisture on the west side of the Rockies leaving little precipitation for the Prairie Provinces.

Answer 5

Physical Geography
-The region mainly lies within the Interior Plains and Canadian Shield.
-The climate is characterized by cold, dry winters and hot, dry summers.
-Extreme temperatures (-40 degrees to 35 degrees) are a result of the far distance from oceanic influences (water moderates temperatures).
-Orographic uplift of Pacific air masses causes them to release moisture on the west side of the Rockies leaving little precipitation for the Prairie Provinces.

Question 6

The Great Sand Hills
-sw sask (in _______ triangle).
-It is a unique landscape formed from ____ that has caused the sandy beach deposits of former glacial lakes to form into ______.
-The dunes have _____ and remain in place as grasslands have encroached around them.

Answer 6

The Great Sand Hills
-This is an isolated area located in southwestern Saskatchewan (in Palliser’s triangle).
-It is a unique landscape formed from wind that has caused the sandy beach deposits of former glacial lakes to form into dunes.
-The dunes have stabilized and remain in place as grasslands have encroached around them.

Question 7

Historical Geography
-Land surveyors were preparing the land for Eastern European settlement in the late 1860s. Due to the lack of _________ obstacles,◻️
-Each square lot was _ of a square mile in area.
-The land survey pattern ______ the fact that some land was already occupied by Indigenous Peoples

Answer 7

Historical Geography
-Land surveyors were preparing the land for Eastern European settlement in the late 1860s. Due to the lack of topographic obstacles, it was easy to divide the land into a grid system with lots in the size of perfect squares.
-Each square lot was ¼ of a square mile in area.
-The land survey pattern ignored the fact that some land was already occupied by Indigenous Peoples

Question 8

Surveying the Land
-The most populous group of Indigenous Peoples in the region were the ______(over 12,000 people). They reacted to the surveyors with ______ ______
-Other more ___-_______ Indigenous Peoples felt little choice but to sign treaties.
-Each newcomer family from Eastern Europe was given one square lot.
-In many cases they were given the land on which to build a homestead for free, but there was no access to electricity or plumbing

Answer 8

Surveying the Land
-The most populous group of Indigenous Peoples in the region were the Métis (over 12,000 people). They reacted to the surveyors with organized rebellions.
-Other more semi-nomadic Indigenous Peoples felt little choice but to sign treaties.
-Each newcomer family from Eastern Europe was given one square lot.
-In many cases they were given the land on which to build a homestead for free, but there was no access to electricity or plumbing

Question 9

Challenges Facing Homesteaders
-▪️✈️🚜…📦
-Many settlers were not prepared for the climate (cd,w,t,h) and the ✈️🦍🥤.
-Homesteaders were forced to be innovative (e.g., practicing ______ ________) for their crops to succeed.
● Summer Fallow: 1yr🏍️🧴

Answer 9

Challenges Facing Homesteaders
-The grid and square based survey system encouraged a highly dispersed rural population which created a sense of isolation.
-Many settlers were not prepared for the climate (cold, drought, wind, thunderstorms, hail) and the far distance to any large population centres.
-Homesteaders were forced to be innovative (e.g., practicing summer fallow) for their crops to succeed.
● SummerFallow: the practice of leaving land idle for a year or more to accumulate soil moisture (won’t have plants taking moisture from the soil for a year).

Question 10

Political Movements in the Prairies
-Several new parties developed in the region as a result of dissatisfaction with the federal government.
CSRC

1. CCF(_________ _______ _______)
   ● Founded in 19__it had a _________ philosophy and is now known as the……
2. SCP (1935-1993)
   ● 🙏; its popularity was maximized in the 1940s and _____
3. RP (1987-2000)
   ● It was founded in _______and had a strong 🔵 philosophy.
   ● It became the official ______ in Ottawa and then changed its name to the CA.
4. CA (2000-2003)
   ● Once led by former prime minister SH, it merged with the _______Conservative Party in 200_ to form the current Conservative Party.

Answer 10

Political Movements in the Prairies
-Several new parties developed in the region as a result of dissatisfaction with the federal government.
CSRC

1. CCF(Co-operative Commonwealth Federation)
   ● Founded in 1932, it had a socialist philosophy and is now known as the New Democratic Party (NDP).
2. Social Credit Party (1935-1993)
   ● It had strict religious philosophy; its popularity was maximized in the 1940s and 1950s.
3. Reform Party (1987-2000)
   ● It was founded in Alberta and had a strong conservative (right-wing) philosophy.
   ● It became the official opposition in Ottawa and then changed its name to the Canadian Alliance.
4. Canadian Alliance (2000-2003)
   ● Once led by former prime minister Stephen Harper, it merged with the Progressive Conservative Party in 2003 to form the current Conservative Party.

Question 11

The CPR
-First Prime Minister_____ _ _______ P🛤️A
-The U.S. had already completed three ________railways by the 1870s.
- The HNC owned much of the land in the W. The FG paid the company in exchange for allowing the construction of the railroad.

Answer 11

The Canadian Pacific Railway
-First Prime Minister John A. Macdonald’s vision of Canada included a railroad extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
-The U.S. had already completed three transcontinental railways by the 1870s.
- The Hudson Bay Company owned much of the land in the West. The federal government paid the company in exchange for allowing the construction of the railroad.

Question 12

Early Settlement Patterns
-🏡🫥🔗🛤️
-🦮👩🏽‍🌾.
-Larger towns developed around _____ ______; roughly every _____ settlement along a railroad was larger and provided more diverse services than villages (e.g., a school or a medical clinic).
-🏪.

Answer 12

Early Settlement Patterns
-Initially, villages and towns were arranged in a linear pattern linked to railroads.
-These settlements provided basic services for nearby farmers. -Larger towns developed around grain elevators; roughly every third settlement along a railroad was larger and provided more diverse services than villages (e.g., a school or a medical clinic).
-Each village was home to frequently used services (e.g., general stores).

Question 13

Grain Elevators📦🌾

Answer 13

^a way to store grain for shipping by railroads.

Question 14

Rural Population Decline
– Since 1940, the rural population in the Prairies has steadily declined. Why?
1.F🚜⚒️🦍📉🥤
2.G🌾🚜🃏
-nl
-🏡

Answer 14

1. Farms became larger and more mechanized leading to a lower population density.
2. Grain farms became more common.
   ● There is no livestock on these types of farms thus minimal staffing is necessary.
   ● Farmers don’t need to actually live on these farms.

Question 15

Declining Villages– The population of many villages has also declined. Why? LAR
1.📉🚜📉💼

2. 📈🚗🚛>🛤️,🛣️🔗🏡
   3.🐀

Answer 15

1. Lower rural population density of rural areas leads to less business for villages.
2. An increased use of trucks and cars as opposed to railroads. When new roads and highways were built, they tended to bypass small villages.
3. Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation corridors were shut down.Fewer villages resulted in a reduced need to maintain a dense local transportation network therefore leading to a cycle of change: ● Decline in villages → closing local roads and rails
   ● Closing local roads and rails → decline in villages

Question 16

3. Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation _______ were shut down.
   📉v📉r
   : ● _____
   ● Closing local roads and rails → decline in villages

Answer 16

3. Rationalization of road and rail systems.Infrequently used transportation corridors were shut down.Fewer villages resulted in a reduced need to maintain a dense local transportation network therefore leading to a cycle of change: ● Decline in villages → closing local roads and rails
   ● Closing local roads and rails → decline in villages

Question 17

Sites of Growth
While small villages have declined, larger communities have seen growth: DSR
1.D: lit-wc
2. S:🦮 pc
3.:R🪵

Answer 17

1. Dormitory towns (people live in town but work in a nearby large city- entirely residential).
2. Sites of government services (provincial capitals).
3. Resource towns (exist because of a natural resource).

Question 18

Agriculture
-🏎️
-Historically🥇w🥈c
-c💲,📈eth…🏎️
^C🥇

C, SW, DW,Lc🌵

Answer 18

Agriculture
-Agriculture was the driving force behind the settlement and early development of the Prairies.
-Wheat has historically been the most valuable crop, but canola has become increasingly common.
-Higher prices for canola today have been triggered by the increasing demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel for vehicles.
^The most common crop in the Prairies today is canola, it has overtaken wheat.
^all the crops here like dry climates.

Question 19

Agricultural Belts
-Al➗f,d,af
-The major differences among these areas are⏳+🧴
-In the _________ _____, the grain grown is of lower quality and is used primarily to raise livestock

Answer 19

Agricultural Belts
-Agricultural land in the Prairies is divided into the fertile belt, dry belt, and agricultural fringe.
-The major differences among these areas are the length of the growing season and the amount of soil moisture.
-In the agricultural fringe, the grain grown is of lower quality and is used primarily to raise livestock

Question 20

The Fertile Belt
-📈🧴 🥶🆓
-Typical crops are c,w,b,p,s👍🌵🩳
-💿c+bp^👶🏾

Answer 20

The Fertile Belt
-It has relatively high levels of soil moisture and an adequate frost-free period.
-Typical crops are canola, wheat, beans, peas, and sunflowers (do well in drought and short growing seasons).
-Mixed farming is common (crops mixed with beef and pork production). ^dark brown soil indicates fertility

Question 21

The Dry Belt
-🐄o🌾
-The practice of ________ __________ is common.
● _________ _________: 🙅the stubble aids in cw and rse
-________ is necessary due to long periods of dry weather

Answer 21

The Dry Belt
-Cattle ranching is the typical land use. Wheat is the only crop that can grow in this area.
-The practice of continuous cropping is common.
● Continuous Cropping: a practice where the stubble (base) left after harvest is not removed; the stubble aids in controlling weeds and reducing soil erosion.
-Irrigation is necessary due to long periods of dry weather

Question 22

Livestock Industry
-Livestock processing is an important ______ sector industry in the Prairies.
-As with other resources, the main export market is the ___ _______.
-There are large 🔪 plants in BRL

Answer 22

Livestock Industry
-Livestock processing is an important secondary sector industry in the Prairies.
-As with other resources, the main export market is the United States.
-There are large slaughtering plants in Brandon, Red Deer, and Lethbridge.

Question 23

Oil Industry
-🛢️🛬🇺🇸.
-📈👷🏻
-👍👨‍⚖️ ,cde📉
-💪
-There is also minor production activity in ses and swm.
- g = g coloured oil, b = os.
-The sedimentary rock underlying the western Prairies contains valuable deposits of ____ ______.
-T🖥️🚀 ➗🛢️,⌛️-📈p
-Vast amounts of oil that are mixed with sand is called THink of oily person bites u ______.
-_______ is mixed with🔥💧,🛬pp,🦍hcm->🐜 and transported to processing plants where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones.
- The product is then supplied to _______ through 〰️ which then process it into g,d,p (🙅299)

Answer 23

Oil Industry
-Of the oil that Canada exports today, most goes to the U.S. (98%).
-The oil industry currently supports over 500,000 jobs in Canada.
-Due to improved regulations, the carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of oil produced in the oil sands has fallen 36% since 2000.
-Fort McMurray is the major oil production centre.
-There is also minor production activity in southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba.
- ^green blobs = ginger-ale coloured oil, brown blobs = oil sands.
-The sedimentary rock underlying the western Prairies contains valuable deposits of fossil fuels.
-Technological advancements during the 1970s created a method to separate the oil from sand therefore allowing output to greatly increase.
-Vast amounts of oil that are mixed with sand is called bitumen.
-Bitumen is mixed with hot water and transported to processing plants where large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones.
- The product is then supplied to refineries through pipelines which then process it into gasoline, diesel, and propane (one such pipeline terminates in Sarnia)

Question 24

Environmental Issues
-🦍🗑️?
-💧➗🛢️,⌛️->💧🧫->🙅🏞️
-📈💧🧫 and is stored in vast _____ponds.
-Leakage from the ponds can affect groundwater or nearby surface water, including the ______ River.
-Regulations require oil companies to reclaim the _____ ponds currently housing the toxic sludge.
-🆕⚰️

Answer 24

Environmental Issues
-The oil industry faces the problem of what to do with the vast quantity of waste products.
-The water that is used to separate oil from sand becomes toxic and then cannot be released into local rivers or lakes.
-The amount of toxic water is increasing daily and is stored in vast tailing ponds.
-Leakage from the ponds can affect groundwater or nearby surface water, including the Athabasca River.
-Regulations require oil companies to reclaim the tailing ponds currently housing the toxic sludge.
-New projects are underway to bury the sludge in deep pits and cover it with layers of soil.

Note: think of tailing ponds as the bacteria is on the tail of the otter in the pond.

Question 25

Video: Alberta Oil Sands
1.In terms of the amount of tar sands oil reserves, where does Canada stand relative to the rest of the world?
-160k,per day
-🚀tosr

Answer 25

1.In terms of the amount of tar sands oil reserves, where does Canada stand relative to the rest of the world?
-Produces 160,000 barrels per day.
-Ranks very high on world scale for tar sands oil reserves.

Question 26

2. What would happen to the oil sands if oil prices dropped to a very low amount ($25 per barrel)?
   - They would continue to produce.
   -They way the reserves are set up they can’t stop once they’ve started. Even if they left, oil would still be coming out.

Answer 26

2. What would happen to the oil sands if oil prices dropped to a very low amount ($25 per barrel)?
   - 🧤
   -❤️‍🩹😭

Question 27

3. What change has been noticed in the length of the forest fire season in western Canada?
   -📈
   -1me

Answer 27

3. What change has been noticed in the length of the forest fire season in western Canada?

Question 28

4. What fact does the Environment Minister of Alberta provide to emphasize how important the oil sands currently are to Canada’s economy?
   -🦆_% of Canada’s GDP relies on Canada’s oil.

Answer 28

4. What fact does the Environment Minister of Alberta provide to emphasize how important the oil sands currently are to Canada’s economy?
   -20% of Canada’s GDP relies on Canada’s oil.

Question 29

Mining
-⚫️ in A along the es of the ⛰️
-P___ (used as a fertilizer) and U____ (used in nuclear power plants) are mined in ________
-cn are mined in the 🛡️ in ______.
-_______s a resource town economically based on a 🪙. The mine, railroad link, and the town itself were all developed in 1957

Answer 29

Mining
-There are coal deposits in Alberta along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
-Potash (used as a fertilizer) and uranium (used in nuclear power plants) are mined in Saskatchewan.
-Copper and nickel are mined in the Canadian Shield in Manitoba.
-Thompson is a resource town economically based on a nickel mine. The mine, railroad link, and the town itself were all developed in 1957

Question 30

Forestry
- 🎲⭐️% 🪵A
-In M🍊🧻

Answer 30

Forestry
-Nearly 75% of the lumber production in the Prairies is in Alberta.
-In Manitoba, there are small resource towns economically based on large pulp and paper mills.

Question 31

Urbanization in the Prairies
-🚜➡️🏙️.
-🦍🥤1/7CMAs (in order of population):
● C, E, W, S,R,L,R
Other notable cities:
● M,B,P,MJ
^notice lack of trees in ______. (ria shaved finally)

Answer 31

Urbanization in the Prairies
-The population has undergone a dramatic rural to urban shift over the past 100 years.
-Much of the population in the Prairies lives in one of the 7 CMAs (in order of population):
● Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Regina, Lethbridge, Red Deer
Other notable cities:
● Medicine Hat, Brandon, Prince Albert, Moose Jaw
^notice lack of trees in Regina.

Question 32

Urban Centres in the Prairies

Answer 32

Question 33

Gateway Cities
- Some cities in the ______ Prairies act as collection and distribution points between the_____ and the _____ to their 📍.
-The size of the gateway city often reflects the 🎩💪and extent of the ______.
Examples:
● Edmonton→Nah(op). 🛢️
● Prince Albert → Nsh.
● Thompson→Nmh.
-The 🐜 PA+T->📉🎩💪n their hinterlands.

Answer 33

Gateway Cities
- Some cities in the central Prairies act as collection and distribution points between the city and the hinterland to their north.
-The size of the gateway city often reflects the economic strength and extent of the hinterland.
Examples:
● Edmonton→Northern Alberta hinterland (oil production).
● Prince Albert → Northern Saskatchewan hinterland.
● Thompson→Northern Manitoba hinterland.
-The smaller size of Prince Albert and Thompson indicates lower economic strength in their hinterlands.

Question 34

Southern Alberta
-The corridor from E-C has 📈🪖🥤
- 🛬
-🍓🦌c.

Answer 34

Southern Alberta
-The corridor from Edmonton to Calgary has become one of the more densely populated areas in Canada.
- Very high growth rates are evident in this area (over 40% in 15 years).
-Red Deer is in the center of the corridor.

Question 35

Calgary
-B🫀,I⛽️,s🐢 🤕🪙.
-🔗🗻B🗺️.
-e-🛢️🤝

Answer 35

Calgary
-B.P., Imperial Oil (Esso), and Shell each have headquarter operations in Calgary.
-The proximity to the Rocky Mountains and Banff supports a tourism industry in the city.
-The economy is greatly dependent on oil (unemployment rates in Calgary are correlated to oil prices).

Question 36

Edmonton
-It is the _________ metropolitan area in NA. The AB (NL)🚦
-🛢️👩🏻‍⚖️centre (____ of Alberta).
-The r 🛒sector is driven by WEM (the largest ___ in NA.

Answer 36

Edmonton
-It is the northernmost metropolitan area in North America with over 1 million people. The Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights) are frequently visible there.
-Along with being an oil production centre, it is an important government centre (capital of Alberta).
-The retail sector is driven by West Edmonton Mall (the largest mall in North America).

Question 37

Winnipeg
-WC🌁🦖 .
-🚞g.ptw.
-In 19👌👌, Winnipeg was the 🦍C in P
-It was a major centre for🌾🧤 and was the a📄f 💲hub of the region.
-📉🌾🛬W,bc 🇵🇹🚙📈
-W🦍 cma until the 19🎲0s

Answer 37

Winnipeg
-The city was the historic gateway to Western Canada.
-At one point, all goods that were shipped to the Prairies from the manufacturing core of Canada passed through Winnipeg.
-In 1900, Winnipeg was the largest city in the Prairies.
-It was a major centre for grain processing and was the administrative and financial hub of the region.
-The amount of grain shipped to Winnipeg decreased steadily as the port in Vancouver grew larger.
-Winnipeg remained the largest CMA in the Prairies until the 1970s

Question 38

The Red River and Flooding
-The Red River flows ⬆️ through very🫓 with relatively impermeable 🍿________ soil.
- In the ____, a ☄️ at the 🚿s +🪫 .
-At the same time,🥶N->🦫

Answer 38

The Red River and Flooding
-The Red River flows from south to north through very flat land with relatively impermeable chernozemic soil.
- In the Spring, a melting snowpack at the head of the river (in the south) adds to the discharge.
-At the same time, ice at the mouth of the river (in the north) creates a damming effect

Question 39

The Red River Floodway
-After frequent flooding events, the provincial government invested in constructing the _____ in 19😏.
- It is an 🤖waterway 48 km long designed to ____ excess water around the city.
- 🛟🤑

Answer 39

The Red River Floodway
-After frequent flooding events, the provincial government invested in constructing the Red River Floodway in 1969
-. It is an artificial waterway 48 km long designed to divert excess water around the city.
-It is estimated that the floodway has saved billions of dollars in economic losses since it opened.