W7 Quebec Flashcards
-Quebec 2/6 r ๐ผ๐ฐ + ๐ฅค.
- ๐ฆ๐
- ๐ซ๐ท๐
-Quebec ranks second among the six regions in terms of economic output and population.
-It is the largest province in terms of area.
-Quebec is home to the largest francophone population in the world outside of France.
Culture and Language
-๐ซ๐ท๐400 years.
-The terms ________ (in French) or Quebecers (in English) have both evolved to refer to any ๐ of Quebec regardless of mother tongue.
-๐
๐ซ๐ท๐-๐ฆ
-๐ซ๐ท๐
>๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐
-The distinct culture derives from the historical experience of francophones living in the area for over 400 years.
-The terms Quebecois (in French) or Quebecers (in English) have both evolved to refer to any resident of Quebec regardless of mother tongue. -Non-francophone residents tend to be clustered in specific parts of the province.
-Currently, 78% of the population in Quebec has French as their mother tongue.
Culture and Language
-______ and _____ tend to be concentrated in Montreal and Gatineau (across the river from Ottawa).
-Most โบ๏ธ live in NQ. Cree and I_____ form the majority of this population.
-^much more english in ______ than other parts of Quebec. Most public workers there are bilingual
-Anglophones and allophones tend to be concentrated in Montreal and Gatineau (across the river from Ottawa).
-Most Indigenous Peoples in the province live in northern Quebec. Cree and Inuit form the majority of this population
-^much more english in Montreal than other parts of Quebec. Most public workers there are bilingual
Language Law in Quebec
- ๐ซ๐ท๐ฃ๏ธ pl ๐ซ๐ท๐งณ๐ค-> may ๐ค๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐ผ
-The objective of the law is to preserve French as the primary language in the region.
-๐ฌ๐ซ๐ท>๐ฌ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ
- French is the only official language in Quebec and provincial law requires businesses to use French. Some argue these laws have driven away English businesses and hurt the economy.
-The objective of the law is to preserve French as the primary language in the region.
-Most immigrants to Quebec today (75%) who speak neither French or English choose to learn French.
Population Growth in Quebec
-From 2016 to 2021, Q grew slow compated to ๐
- relatively high BR in NQ, but the๐ฌ๐ชซ outside of the ______CMA.
-Since 2000, the House of Commons has increased in size by 41 seats but only _ of those represent Quebec.
-In 1871, Quebecโs share of Canadaโs population was 32%; however, it has since โฆโฆ..
Population Growth in Quebec
-From 2016 to 2021, Quebec grew at a slower rate (4.1%) than the national average (5.2%).
-The birth rate is relatively high in Northern Quebec, but the immigration rate is very low in most areas that are outside of the Montreal CMA.
-Since 2000, the House of Commons has increased in size by 41 seats but only 2 of those represent Quebec.
-In 1871, Quebecโs share of Canadaโs population was 32%; however, it has since declined to 23%
Decline in Canadaโs Population Share
What has caused Quebecโs decline in Canadaโs population share?
1.๐ข๏ธ๐โฌ
๏ธ
2.๐ฌ๐ซ๐ท๐ค->๐ฌON๐ผ๐ค
-
- Expansion and growth of the Canadian west (Alberta oil, growth of Vancouver, etc.).
- Relocation of businesses and corporate headquarters from Quebec to Ontario.
-As Quebec separatism movements gained momentum during the 1970s, some anglophone owned businesses and corporations left the province.
-They feared that an independent Quebec would lead to an unattractive business climate.
Note: anglo -English tong ; allo-neither eng or French tong
Physical Geography
โThe ๐ฆ๐ก๏ธ.
-๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ and is found along the SLR between M and QC.
-The Gaspe Peninsula is in the __________ Uplands. It is very rugged and confines its small settlements to the coastline.
-๐๐ง๏ธ->bc Atlantic Ocean.
-๐ฆโช๏ธ
Physical Geography
โThe Canadian Shield extends over 90% of Quebec.
-The best agricultural land is used primarily for dairy farming and is found along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City. -The Gaspe Peninsula is in the Appalachian Uplands. It is very rugged and confines its small settlements to the coastline.
-Precipitation in the province is relatively high due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.
-^common for the tallest building in towns of Quebec to be a catholic church.
The St. Lawrence River
-๐๏ธ๐ฆ๐ผ
- GL ๐ณ๏ธ AO
-D________ the river (๐ณ๏ธ) was required in order to prevent large freighters from running aground.
- _______ were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls within the river.
-These became part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which opened in 1959 (path that the ships take, the ____ is the natural path that contains lots of obstacles).
The St. Lawrence River
-The river figures very prominently in Quebecโs history and economy.
- It is an essential part of water-based transportation in North America because it connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
-Dredging the river (making it deeper and wider) was required in order to prevent large freighters from running aground.
- Canals were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls within the river.
-These became part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which opened in 1959 (path that the ships take, the river is the natural path that contains lots of obstacles).
Environmental Issues
-โ๏ธ๐๏ธ are evident within the ๐ก๏ธfrom closed ๐จ and ๐ชโ๏ธ.
-Parts of the St. Lawrence River still contains ๐งช๐ฆ๐ธ
- ๐ฆ ๐ชธ
Environmental Issues
-Mining wastes are evident within the Canadian Shield from closed asbestos and nickel mines.
-Parts of the St. Lawrence River still contains high levels of toxic chemicals, lead, and mercury from older industrial processes.
-The zebra mussel is an invasive species that has negatively impacted aquatic ecosystems.
Zebra Mussel
- It is a small _______that was introduced to the St. Lawrence River by ships that originated in E
-๐ช ๐๏ธ๐ฐ
Zebra Mussel
- It is a small mollusk that was introduced to the St. Lawrence River by ships that originated in Europe (came as we opened up our waterways to the world).
-Zebra mussels have blocked hundreds of pipelines and water intakes resulting in high costs to infrastructure maintenance.
Improving the Environment
โToday, all energy in Quebec is generated from ๐๐ฐ
-Q +P.E.I. ๐๐งช
-________ _____: a gas that allows โ๏ธ radiation to pass through but absorbs ๐ฎ radiation from Earth. These gases are major contributors to climate change, ex. CO2. Prevents some of Earthโs heat from escaping into space.
-M๐ โฝ๏ธ๐ธ
-๐ โฝ๏ธ๐ธ-> ๐ค๐๐ฐ
Improving the Environment
-Today, all energy in Quebec is generated from renewable hydroelectric sources.
-Quebec along with P.E.I. are the lowest per capita emitters of greenhouse gases of any province.
-Greenhouse Gas: a gas that allows solar radiation to pass through but absorbs infrared radiation from Earth. These gases are major contributors to climate change, ex. CO2. Prevents some of Earthโs heat from escaping into space.
-Motorists in Quebec are heavily taxed on gasoline (35 cents/litre plus 5% GST plus 10% PST).
-A portion of the gasoline tax is used to fund maintenance of the extensive hydroelectric energy system.
Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline:
- ๐๐ซ๐ท.
-15๐บ๐ฆ: C๐ sailed into C๐ท Bay and claimed the land for France. ๐งญ๐ซฆSLR the following year. -
-The area was originally known as New France.
-1534: Cartier sailed into Chaleur Bay and claimed the land for France. He discovered the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the following year.
Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued:
-160๐ฑ: ๐ฆ founded a๐๐ฅ
at the current site of QC. He became known as โThe ๐จ๐พ of ๐๐ซ๐ทโ.
-16๐ธ: ๐ซ________ established V___-๐ฎ๐นe, located at the confluence of the O and SLR.
Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued:
-1608: Champlain founded a fur trading post at the current site of Quebec City. He became known as โThe Father of New Franceโ.
-1642: Maisonneuve established Ville-Marie, located at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers.
Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued2:
-Ville-marie was later renamed _______ (๐โฐ๏ธ).
-17โญ๏ธ๐ฑ: ๐ฌ๐ง๐คบ>๐ซ๐ท on the Plains of ____________________________________. After this defeat, the ๐ฌ๐ง๐ Quebec for over 100 years until confederation. Je me s______ = I remember, is the slogan on Quebec license plates, potentially referring to๐งฌ๐ฅ(government has never specifically said what it means).
Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued2:
-Ville-marie was later renamed Montreal (royal mountain).
-1759: The British defeated the French army on the Plains of Abraham. After this defeat, the British ruled Quebec for over 100 years until confederation. Je me souviens = I remember, is the slogan on Quebec license plates, potentially referring to remembering Quebec origins (government has never specifically said what it means).
Confederation: 1867
Quebec ๐ Confederation ->๐งโโ๏ธ:
โ โ ๏ธ->๐ช๐ผ+๐ก๏ธ๐คบ๐บ๐ธ
โ ๐ซ๐ท๐ฃ๏ธ ๐๐โ
โ Provinces๐
โ working especially with ON, Quebec could influence ๐ฉ +๐๐ฝ as the ๐พ continued to grow
Quebec agreed to Confederation because it would bring several benefits:
โ union with the three other colonies would strengthen the overall economy and protect against potential U.S. annexation.
โ French was an official language of the federal government and freedom of religion was a right.
โ Provinces were given control over education.
โ working especially with Ontario, Quebec could influence federal politics and shape the future of Canada as the West continued to grow
Geographic Expansion of Quebec
-1898: โฌ๏ธโ๏ธ๐ก๏ธ
-1912: ๐๏ธx2to include the Inuit land of ๐ฟ______.
- 19__: ๐กQ ๐งโL
Geographic Expansion of Quebec
-1898: The federal government extends Quebecโs northern boundary into valuable mining lands well into the Canadian Shield.
-1912: Quebec nearly doubled in size when the land area was expanded to include the Inuit land of Nunavik.
- 1927: A court declared the boundary between Quebec and Labrador should follow the drainage basin divide. Quebec does not agree with this decision to this day.
The Quebec Economy
-The geographic aspects of the economy are like those of Ontario since the province can be divided into two economic areas:
โ ๐ธ๏ธ (south)
. โ ๐ข๏ธ๐ชต (north).
The Quebec Economy
-The geographic aspects of the economy are like those of Ontario since the province can be divided into two economic areas:
โ A highly populated core (south)
. โ A resource-based periphery (north).
The Quebec Economy
Differences compared to Ontario:
โ ๐พ๐ฉณ
โ ๐๐ง (r,r,h)
The Quebec Economy
Differences compared to Ontario:
โ The growing season in Quebec is relatively short thus limiting agriculture.
โ Quebec has much better natural conditions for hydroelectric development (lots of rain, rivers, and hills).
The Quebec Economy
-๐ ๏ธ๐๐.
-Today, aircraft and aircraft parts produced by the ๐ฃ________company are Quebecโs ๐ฅexport.
-Bombardier also produces ๐โ๏ธ
-The ___________ sector (knowledge sector) ๐ pp gov ๐ง ๐
The Quebec Economy
-Manufacturing in Quebec has declined but remains viable.
-Today, aircraft and aircraft parts produced by the Bombardier company are Quebecโs leading export.
-Bombardier also produces passenger trains, subways, streetcars, all-terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles.
-The quaternary sector (knowledge sector) is growing with the provincial government investing heavily in research and development at universities in Montreal (ex. Mcgill).
Tourism in Quebec
- ๐บ๏ธ ๐ฉ
-> ๐ฆ๐ซ๐ท๐
๐
-โฐ๐ (T, NYC, B)
Threats to tourism:
โ ๐จ๐ฆ๐ธf
โ ๐๐ผ๐ค
โ ๐ฅฃ๐บ๐ธ.
Tourism in Quebec
- Tourism is an important part of the tertiary sector of Quebecโs economy
- Tourists are attracted to Quebec for its historic past and francophone culture.
-It is within a dayโs drive of tens of millions of people (Toronto, NYC, Boston, etc.).
Threats to tourism:
โ Canadian dollar fluctuation.
โ Global economic uncertainty.
โ Thickened US border.
Hydro-Quebec
-๐๐ง๐ณ๏ธโ๐
.โIt was created in 1944๐ until Premier Jean _____(think of asian sage) came to power in 19๐0.
- At that time, Quebec ๐๏ธ ๐ค all private ๐
-๐๐-quebec+๐บ๐ธ
Hydro-Quebec
-Hydro-Quebec is a sense of pride among Quebec residents and has become a symbol of the economic prominence of the province
.โIt was created in 1944 but remained a minor force until Premier Jean Lesage came to power in 1960.
- At that time, Quebec announced it would purchase all private electrical utilities in the province.
-This created a monopoly to generate and distribute electricity both within the province and for export (to the US).
Objectives of Hydro-Quebec
- ๐ผ๐๐จโโ๏ธ๐ฃ๏ธ
-๐ฆ hep in the ๐ก๏ธ
- ๐ ๏ธ๐
Sell power to the northeastern states of the U.S.
โ ๐
โ ๐ค๐๐ง->๐คซ->๐ซ๐ท๐
Objectives of Hydro-Quebec
- Stimulate economic growth through government intervention.
-Undertake construction of massive hydroelectric projects in the Canadian Shield.
- Built high-voltage transmission lines to transport electricity.
Sell power to the northeastern states of the U.S.
โ These strategies have been highly successful.
โ The massive revenue generated by Hydro-Quebec played a role in fueling the Quiet Revolution which led to spread of separatist views
Possible Expansions of Hydro-Quebec
-๐๐ in NB and NS ๐ฅ
-๐๐-๐คNY+6 NE states
Possible Expansions of Hydro-Quebec
-Acquiring the electrical utilities in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is a long-term goal.
-The strategy is to gain control of the power grid in these provinces to achieve complete dominance of energy in the area along with a share of the market in New York state and the 6 New England states
Hydroelectricity
-Hydroelectric developments depend on three factors:
โ ๐ง๏ธ,โฐ๏ธ,๐ชN-S
Hydroelectricity
-Hydroelectric developments depend on three factors:
โ Precipitation (feeds rivers), topography (ups and downs), access to markets.
-Precipitation is abundant in Quebec. This supports large, high-volume rivers.
-Variable topography with entrenched river valleys and canyons ensure a steady flow of water for the power plants.
-High-voltage transmission lines connect the plants in the north to the populated markets in the south
