W7 Quebec

Question 1

-Quebec 2/6 r 💼💰 + 🥤.
- 🦍📐
- 🇫🇷📞

Answer 1

-Quebec ranks second among the six regions in terms of economic output and population.
-It is the largest province in terms of area.
-Quebec is home to the largest francophone population in the world outside of France.

Question 2

Culture and Language
-🇫🇷📞400 years.
-The terms ________ (in French) or Quebecers (in English) have both evolved to refer to any 🏠 of Quebec regardless of mother tongue.
-🙅🇫🇷📞-🦠
-🇫🇷👅>🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿👅

Answer 2

-The distinct culture derives from the historical experience of francophones living in the area for over 400 years.
-The terms Quebecois (in French) or Quebecers (in English) have both evolved to refer to any resident of Quebec regardless of mother tongue. -Non-francophone residents tend to be clustered in specific parts of the province.
-Currently, 78% of the population in Quebec has French as their mother tongue.

Question 3

Culture and Language
-______ and _____ tend to be concentrated in Montreal and Gatineau (across the river from Ottawa).
-Most ⛺️ live in NQ. Cree and I_____ form the majority of this population.
-^much more english in ______ than other parts of Quebec. Most public workers there are bilingual

Answer 3

-Anglophones and allophones tend to be concentrated in Montreal and Gatineau (across the river from Ottawa).
-Most Indigenous Peoples in the province live in northern Quebec. Cree and Inuit form the majority of this population
-^much more english in Montreal than other parts of Quebec. Most public workers there are bilingual

Question 4

Language Law in Quebec
- 🇫🇷🗣️ pl 🇫🇷🧳🤝-> may 🤕🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿💼
-The objective of the law is to preserve French as the primary language in the region.
-🛬🇫🇷>🛬🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿

Answer 4

• French is the only official language in Quebec and provincial law requires businesses to use French. Some argue these laws have driven away English businesses and hurt the economy.
  -The objective of the law is to preserve French as the primary language in the region.
  -Most immigrants to Quebec today (75%) who speak neither French or English choose to learn French.

Question 5

Population Growth in Quebec
-From 2016 to 2021, Q grew slow compated to 🌎
- relatively high BR in NQ, but the🛬🪫 outside of the ______CMA.
-Since 2000, the House of Commons has increased in size by 41 seats but only _ of those represent Quebec.
-In 1871, Quebec’s share of Canada’s population was 32%; however, it has since ……..

Answer 5

Population Growth in Quebec
-From 2016 to 2021, Quebec grew at a slower rate (4.1%) than the national average (5.2%).
-The birth rate is relatively high in Northern Quebec, but the immigration rate is very low in most areas that are outside of the Montreal CMA.
-Since 2000, the House of Commons has increased in size by 41 seats but only 2 of those represent Quebec.
-In 1871, Quebec’s share of Canada’s population was 32%; however, it has since declined to 23%

Question 6

Decline in Canada’s Population Share
What has caused Quebec’s decline in Canada’s population share?
1.🛢️🚐⬅️
2.🛬🇫🇷🤝->🛬ON💼🤝
-

Answer 6

1. Expansion and growth of the Canadian west (Alberta oil, growth of Vancouver, etc.).
2. Relocation of businesses and corporate headquarters from Quebec to Ontario.
   -As Quebec separatism movements gained momentum during the 1970s, some anglophone owned businesses and corporations left the province.
   -They feared that an independent Quebec would lead to an unattractive business climate.
   Note: anglo -English tong ; allo-neither eng or French tong

Question 7

Physical Geography
–The 🦍🛡️.
-🥇 🥛🚜 and is found along the SLR between M and QC.
-The Gaspe Peninsula is in the __________ Uplands. It is very rugged and confines its small settlements to the coastline.
-📈🌧️->bc Atlantic Ocean.
-🦒⛪️

Answer 7

Physical Geography
–The Canadian Shield extends over 90% of Quebec.
-The best agricultural land is used primarily for dairy farming and is found along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City. -The Gaspe Peninsula is in the Appalachian Uplands. It is very rugged and confines its small settlements to the coastline.
-Precipitation in the province is relatively high due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean.
-^common for the tallest building in towns of Quebec to be a catholic church.

Question 8

The St. Lawrence River
-🏞️🦖💼
- GL 🛳️ AO
-D________ the river (🕳️) was required in order to prevent large freighters from running aground.
- _______ were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls within the river.
-These became part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which opened in 1959 (path that the ships take, the ____ is the natural path that contains lots of obstacles).

Answer 8

The St. Lawrence River
-The river figures very prominently in Quebec’s history and economy.
- It is an essential part of water-based transportation in North America because it connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
-Dredging the river (making it deeper and wider) was required in order to prevent large freighters from running aground.
- Canals were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls within the river.
-These became part of the St. Lawrence Seaway which opened in 1959 (path that the ships take, the river is the natural path that contains lots of obstacles).

Question 9

Environmental Issues
-⛏️🗑️ are evident within the 🛡️from closed 💨 and 🪙⛏️.
-Parts of the St. Lawrence River still contains 🧪🦖🚸
- 🦓 🪸

Answer 9

Environmental Issues
-Mining wastes are evident within the Canadian Shield from closed asbestos and nickel mines.
-Parts of the St. Lawrence River still contains high levels of toxic chemicals, lead, and mercury from older industrial processes.
-The zebra mussel is an invasive species that has negatively impacted aquatic ecosystems.

Question 10

Zebra Mussel
- It is a small _______that was introduced to the St. Lawrence River by ships that originated in E
-🪠🏚️💰

Answer 10

Zebra Mussel
- It is a small mollusk that was introduced to the St. Lawrence River by ships that originated in Europe (came as we opened up our waterways to the world).
-Zebra mussels have blocked hundreds of pipelines and water intakes resulting in high costs to infrastructure maintenance.

Question 11

Improving the Environment
–Today, all energy in Quebec is generated from 🔋🚰
-Q +P.E.I. 📉🧪
-________ _____: a gas that allows ☀️ radiation to pass through but absorbs 🏮 radiation from Earth. These gases are major contributors to climate change, ex. CO2. Prevents some of Earth’s heat from escaping into space.
-M🚗 ⛽️💸
-🚗 ⛽️💸-> 🤑🔋🚰

Answer 11

Improving the Environment
-Today, all energy in Quebec is generated from renewable hydroelectric sources.
-Quebec along with P.E.I. are the lowest per capita emitters of greenhouse gases of any province.
-Greenhouse Gas: a gas that allows solar radiation to pass through but absorbs infrared radiation from Earth. These gases are major contributors to climate change, ex. CO2. Prevents some of Earth’s heat from escaping into space.
-Motorists in Quebec are heavily taxed on gasoline (35 cents/litre plus 5% GST plus 10% PST).
-A portion of the gasoline tax is used to fund maintenance of the extensive hydroelectric energy system.

Question 12

Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline:
- 🆕🇫🇷.
-15🔺📦: C💍 sailed into C🍷 Bay and claimed the land for France. 🧭🫦SLR the following year. -

Answer 12

-The area was originally known as New France.
-1534: Cartier sailed into Chaleur Bay and claimed the land for France. He discovered the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the following year.

Question 13

Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued:
-160🎱: 🍦 founded a💂🥅 at the current site of QC. He became known as ‘The 👨🏾 of 🆕🇫🇷’.
-16🍸: 🫙________ established V___-🇮🇹e, located at the confluence of the O and SLR.

Answer 13

Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued:
-1608: Champlain founded a fur trading post at the current site of Quebec City. He became known as ‘The Father of New France’.
-1642: Maisonneuve established Ville-Marie, located at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers.

Question 14

Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued2:
-Ville-marie was later renamed _______ (👑⛰️).
-17⭐️🐱: 🇬🇧🤺>🇫🇷 on the Plains of ____________________________________. After this defeat, the 🇬🇧📏 Quebec for over 100 years until confederation. Je me s______ = I remember, is the slogan on Quebec license plates, potentially referring to🧬🥖(government has never specifically said what it means).

Answer 14

Historical Geography of Quebec: Timeline Continued2:
-Ville-marie was later renamed Montreal (royal mountain).
-1759: The British defeated the French army on the Plains of Abraham. After this defeat, the British ruled Quebec for over 100 years until confederation. Je me souviens = I remember, is the slogan on Quebec license plates, potentially referring to remembering Quebec origins (government has never specifically said what it means).

Question 15

Confederation: 1867
Quebec 👍 Confederation ->🧘‍♀️:
● ⚠️->💪💼+🛡️🤺🇺🇸
● 🇫🇷🗣️ 🆓🙏✅
● Provinces📚
● working especially with ON, Quebec could influence 🎩 +🌙👽 as the 🌾 continued to grow

Answer 15

Quebec agreed to Confederation because it would bring several benefits:
● union with the three other colonies would strengthen the overall economy and protect against potential U.S. annexation.
● French was an official language of the federal government and freedom of religion was a right.
● Provinces were given control over education.
● working especially with Ontario, Quebec could influence federal politics and shape the future of Canada as the West continued to grow

Question 16

Geographic Expansion of Quebec
-1898: ⬆️⛏️🛡️
-1912: 🏞️x2to include the Inuit land of 🗿______.
- 19__: 😡Q 💧➗L

Answer 16

Geographic Expansion of Quebec
-1898: The federal government extends Quebec’s northern boundary into valuable mining lands well into the Canadian Shield.
-1912: Quebec nearly doubled in size when the land area was expanded to include the Inuit land of Nunavik.
- 1927: A court declared the boundary between Quebec and Labrador should follow the drainage basin divide. Quebec does not agree with this decision to this day.

Question 17

The Quebec Economy
-The geographic aspects of the economy are like those of Ontario since the province can be divided into two economic areas:
● 🕸️ (south)
. ● 🛢️🪵 (north).

Answer 17

The Quebec Economy
-The geographic aspects of the economy are like those of Ontario since the province can be divided into two economic areas:
● A highly populated core (south)
. ● A resource-based periphery (north).

Question 18

The Quebec Economy
Differences compared to Ontario:
● 🌾🩳
● 🔋💧 (r,r,h)

Answer 18

The Quebec Economy
Differences compared to Ontario:
● The growing season in Quebec is relatively short thus limiting agriculture.
● Quebec has much better natural conditions for hydroelectric development (lots of rain, rivers, and hills).

Question 19

The Quebec Economy
-🛠️📉🎁.
-Today, aircraft and aircraft parts produced by the 💣________company are Quebec’s 🥇export.
-Bombardier also produces 🚃❄️
-The ___________ sector (knowledge sector) 📈 pp gov 🧐 📚

Answer 19

The Quebec Economy
-Manufacturing in Quebec has declined but remains viable.
-Today, aircraft and aircraft parts produced by the Bombardier company are Quebec’s leading export.
-Bombardier also produces passenger trains, subways, streetcars, all-terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles.
-The quaternary sector (knowledge sector) is growing with the provincial government investing heavily in research and development at universities in Montreal (ex. Mcgill).

Question 20

Tourism in Quebec
- 🗺️ 🚩
-> 🦖🇫🇷🐅📞
-⏰🚘 (T, NYC, B)
Threats to tourism:
● 🇨🇦💸f
● 🌎💼🤔
● 🥣🇺🇸.

Answer 20

Tourism in Quebec
- Tourism is an important part of the tertiary sector of Quebec’s economy
- Tourists are attracted to Quebec for its historic past and francophone culture.
-It is within a day’s drive of tens of millions of people (Toronto, NYC, Boston, etc.).
Threats to tourism:
● Canadian dollar fluctuation.
● Global economic uncertainty.
● Thickened US border.

Question 21

Hydro-Quebec
-🔋💧🏳️‍🌈
.–It was created in 1944🐜 until Premier Jean _____(think of asian sage) came to power in 19🐘0.
- At that time, Quebec 🎙️ 🤑 all private 🔌
-🆘🔋-quebec+🇺🇸

Answer 21

Hydro-Quebec
-Hydro-Quebec is a sense of pride among Quebec residents and has become a symbol of the economic prominence of the province
.–It was created in 1944 but remained a minor force until Premier Jean Lesage came to power in 1960.
- At that time, Quebec announced it would purchase all private electrical utilities in the province.
-This created a monopoly to generate and distribute electricity both within the province and for export (to the US).

Question 22

Objectives of Hydro-Quebec
- 💼📈👨‍⚖️🗣️
-🦍 hep in the 🛡️
- 🛠️🔌
Sell power to the northeastern states of the U.S.
● 👍
● 🤑🔋💧->🤫->🇫🇷👀

Answer 22

Objectives of Hydro-Quebec
- Stimulate economic growth through government intervention.
-Undertake construction of massive hydroelectric projects in the Canadian Shield.
- Built high-voltage transmission lines to transport electricity.
Sell power to the northeastern states of the U.S.
● These strategies have been highly successful.
● The massive revenue generated by Hydro-Quebec played a role in fueling the Quiet Revolution which led to spread of separatist views

Question 23

Possible Expansions of Hydro-Quebec
-🔋🔌 in NB and NS 🥅
-🔝🔋-🤝NY+6 NE states

Answer 23

Possible Expansions of Hydro-Quebec
-Acquiring the electrical utilities in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is a long-term goal.
-The strategy is to gain control of the power grid in these provinces to achieve complete dominance of energy in the area along with a share of the market in New York state and the 6 New England states

Question 24

Hydroelectricity
-Hydroelectric developments depend on three factors:
● 🌧️,⛰️,🏪N-S

Answer 24

Hydroelectricity
-Hydroelectric developments depend on three factors:
● Precipitation (feeds rivers), topography (ups and downs), access to markets.
-Precipitation is abundant in Quebec. This supports large, high-volume rivers.
-Variable topography with entrenched river valleys and canyons ensure a steady flow of water for the power plants.
-High-voltage transmission lines connect the plants in the north to the populated markets in the south

Question 25

Advantages of Hydroelectric Developments
There are several advantages to this type of energy source:
RFR JN
● ♻️
● ⏳
● 🤑
● 👷‍♀️
● 🧤

Answer 25

Advantages of Hydroelectric Developments
There are several advantages to this type of energy source:
● Renewable.
● The facilities have a long lifespan.
● Relatively low operating costs.
● Job creation during construction.
● No greenhouse gas emissions

Question 26

Attracting Large-Scale Industry
- Hydro-Quebec has indirectly improved Quebec’s economy by attracting 🦍⚖️🚸.
- 🔋🏷️-.25

Answer 26

Attracting Large-Scale Industry
- Hydro-Quebec has indirectly improved Quebec’s economy by attracting large-scale industrial development.
- Hydro-Quebec can offer energy to these industrial firms at a greatly discounted cost.

Question 27

Energy Prices for Industry
How is Hydro-Quebec able to offer low energy prices to industrial firms? 1. NQ🦍🔋🧽
2. Hydro-Quebec has a 🦖📝 to buy power from CFs in L at 19😉 prices.
3. 🧾

Answer 27

Energy Prices for Industry
How is Hydro-Quebec able to offer low energy prices to industrial firms? 1. Northern Quebec can produce vast amounts of energy (much more than the province needs).
2. Hydro-Quebec has a long-term contract to buy power from Churchill Falls in Labrador at 1969 prices.
3. When selling power, Hydro-Quebec is free to set its own sale price without the concern of competition.

Question 28

Hydroelectric Developments

Answer 28

Question 29

The James Bay Project
-🔋💧 20 rivers JB-Q
-The first phase (🦍) began in 19🎲🦆-13yrs-14 billion
-🆕🛣️NQ->nc R🤙👦🏻
- 🛝(slippery slope)👉👈🏼

Answer 29

-It involved the production of hydroelectricity from all 20 rivers that flow into James Bay from Quebec.
-The first phase (La Grande) began in 1972 and was completed 13 years later at a cost of $14 billion.
-Construction required a new highway to northern Quebec and a new community was created (Radisson).
- The project was one of the few hydroelectric developments that created controversy.

Question 30

The James Bay Project continued
-⛺️Peoples (primarily ___) and 🌿 were 🤐.
- Opposition from the Cree and S🙍‍♀️ Club influenced 🗣️🇺🇸
Those opposed to the project focused on a number of concerns:
● 🦫
● 😾
● talyor swift
● 🧪🎣 eaton by Cree and Inuit
.● Impacts on 🦅+ 🏹_

Answer 30

-Indigenous Peoples (primarily Cree) and environmental organizations were outspoken against the project.
- Opposition from the Cree and Sierra Club influenced public opinion in the U.S. since some states purchase power from Quebec.
Those opposed to the project focused on a number of concerns:
● flooding caused by dams.
● loss of habitat for wildlife.
● loss of timber.
● Chemicals in the reservoirs affected the fish that were eaten by the Cree and Inuit
.● Impacts on animal migration patterns and Indigenous hunting grounds

Question 31

Geography of Northern Quebec
- CS🛡️+🛄HBL
-⛏️+🪵
-📉🛣️, 👩🏼‍💻
-🎩are currently growing for the Northern Quebec region of _______.

Answer 31

Geography of Northern Quebec
- This part of the province occupies the Canadian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands.
-The economy is based on mining and forestry.
-There are few roads, and the area is too remote to attract tourists.
-Political opportunities are currently growing for the Northern Quebec region of Nunavik.

Question 32

Nunavik
-🦍 I____. Nunavik means “_________” in Inuktitut.
-almost all 1/15 villages 🎢
-🗣️👨‍⚖️-all ____

Answer 32

Nunavik
-Over 90% of the population in this area is Inuit. Nunavik means “great land” in Inuktitut.
-Almost all residents live in one of the 15 small villages along the coast.
-Negotiations are ongoing to establish a regional form of government that is controlled entirely by Inuit.

Question 33

Regional Government in Nunavik
-This would be an elected parliamentary-stylem ______ and council but would not be considered a province or a territory.
-A ____ ______ would be responsible for administering health care, education, and social services.
- The government center would be in _______.
-Quebec would maintain 🧑🏻‍⚖️💰

Answer 33

Regional Government in Nunavik
-This would be an elected parliamentary-style cabinet and council but would not be considered a province or a territory.
-A public service would be responsible for administering health care, education, and social services.
- The government center would be in Kuujuaq.
-Quebec would maintain jurisdiction over the area and provide funding to the regional government.

Question 34

Forestry in Northern Quebec
-🥇🧻->🛬🇺🇸
-Demand for Quebec’s ______ lumber (🌲) 📈 than that of U.S. softwood lumber.
Why?
● ⛄️🦥

Answer 34

Forestry in Northern Quebec
-Quebec is Canada’s leading producer of paper and newsprint. Much of it is exported to the U.S.
-Demand for Quebec’s softwood lumber (from evergreen trees) has been consistently higher than that of U.S. softwood lumber.
Why?
● Quebec’s cold climate results in slower tree growth which increases the strength of the wood.

Question 35

Mining in Northern Quebec
-🔑💼
-💠 over 7 bill
-I🦍🏋️‍♀️,c🥉,g⚱️

Answer 35

Mining in Northern Quebec
-Mining is a key component of the economy in Northern Quebec.
-The annual value of mineral production in Northern Quebec is over $7 billion.
-Iron ore is the most common type of mine followed by copper, and gold. Most of the iron ore mined in Canada comes from Quebec

Question 36

Urbanization in Quebec
-80%+
-70%+ live in one of 6 CMAs:
● M,QC, G, Sh, Sag, and T-R
-Saguenay 02= C🐿️+J🏳️‍🌈
-__________ is the largest CMA. (prefera hahaha hehehe)

Answer 36

Urbanization in Quebec
-Over 80% of Quebec’s population lives in an urban area.
-Over 70% of the population live in one of 6 CMAs:
● Montreal, Quebec City, Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Saguenay, and Trois-Rivieres.
Saguenay is the name of 2 cities that merged in 2002 (Chicoutimi and Jonquiere).
-^Montreal is the largest CMA.

Question 37

Montreal
- 🎬,🧫,🚸. Its name is French for 👑⛰️
-GL🚢AO
- 🏝️in the SLR.
-DT🦍🇫🇷…⬅️📐📞

Answer 37

Montreal
-Montreal is the commercial, cultural, and industrial centre of Quebec. Its name is French for Royal Mountain (a large hill in the centre of the city).
-It serves as a major port and trans-shipment point between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean.
- The city is located on an island in the St. Lawrence River.
-Downtown is primarily French but the western end has a large anglophone population.

Question 38

Quebec City
-PC🏛️
-🇨🇳🦖
-The economy is dependent on :👩🏻‍⚖️pgj and 🗺️.

Answer 38

Quebec City
-Quebec City is the provincial capital.
-It is the only walled city in North America and features buildings over 300 years old.
-The economy is dependent on provincial government jobs and tourism.

Question 39

The Eastern Townships (_____)
-SLR➡️ in the Au😱
-🌉is the largest city in this area.

Answer 39

The Eastern Townships (Estrie)
-This is a scenic area east of the St. Lawrence River in the Appalachian Uplands.
-Sherbrooke is the largest city in this area.

Question 40

Video Questions Power

Answer 40

1. What was Premier Robert Bourassa referring to when he stated that he feels like a conqueror?
   “To develop hydroelectricity is to conquer the north”, said he’s economically conquering the north of quebec.
2. What did lawyer Robert Mainville advise the Cree to do to stop the project?
   – Take their stance but don’t be naive. Get the message out to the world (campaigned in Canada and US), approach courts, use whatever available to stop the project.
3. How did Richard Le Hir of the Quebec Manufacturers’ Association describe the actions of the Cree?
   – He said they were holding the province and its economic development hostage. Says it can’t last long.
4. How did the La Grande River and the village of Chisasibi change after the construction of the La Grande project in 1975?
   -The people were given no warning.
   -Was destroyed to a wasteland.
   -Social disorder, deaths, flooded graves, and total land destruction.
5. How did Cree activist Dianne Reid describe the way that typical politicians operate?
   - They don’t listen to the grassroots.
   - Tend to forget the community voice.
6. On the bill to cancel their contract with Hydro-Quebec, how did the government of New York State vote?
   -“The state can meet its energy needs through conservation”.
   -They voted to cancel the contract.
7. Why did the newly elected chief of Great Whale Matthew Mukash suggest that the Cree should not accept $50M from Hydro-Quebec in compensation for the flooding caused by the La Grande project?
   -supporters will think they only care about the money, not the land
8. In the Massachusetts state legislature, how did Grand Chief Matthew Coon-Come respond when pressed further to explain why the Cree gave approval to Hydro-Quebec to expand a previous project?
   -Live in a society where we need to co-exist with Quebec to meet their energy needs.
   -The river is already dead, it doesn’t matter if they expand on it.
9. What change came to the Quebec legislature in 1994?
   -The Great whale project was suspended.
   - The announcement constituted a reversal of the power relationship between Hydro-Québec and the Québec government, and between Hydro-Québec and the Crees.
10. How did the new Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau respond when asked of the government’s plans for the Great Whale project?
    – Not a priority of the government, they don’t need it.
    -Project is not abandoned but is being put on ice for a while.