W10 Atlantic Provinces Flashcards
Atlantic Provinces
-This region is home to the _____Maritime provinces (NNP) as well as NL.
-๐๐ฅค
Atlantic Provinces
-This region is home to the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) as well as Newfoundland and Labrador.
-These four provinces have the four lowest populations of the Canadian provinces.
Physical Geography
-2 physiographic regions:
โ The A C .
-The ________ and the ๐๏ธ of __________are located in the AU
-The AU are an ๐ช๐ฌ,๐จโ๏ธ
-Streams of ________ from melting glaciers have cut ______ into the land resulting in ____ terrain with ๐areas and _______ along coastlines.
Physical Geography
-The area consists of two physiographic regions:
โ TheAppalachian Uplands and the Canadian Shield.
-The Maritimes and the island of Newfoundland are located in the Appalachian Uplands.
-The Appalachian Uplands are an ancient, highly eroded mountain chain.
-Streams of meltwater from melting glaciers have cut deeply into the land resulting in hilly terrain with rugged areas and fjords along coastlines.
-___________๐ in Western Newfoundland is one of the few places in the world where Earthโs _______is โ ๏ธ.
-๐ฅ๐ฝ๏ธ๐ฝ๏ธ 350 mya forced the _____ up over the ๐.
-The rock of the mantle is ________Uโฝ๏ธ๐ฎ๐นC and lacks ๐ฆ to support๐ฑ
-The landscape is BD (๐ต)despite receiving ๐ฆ๐ฆ.
- ๐ฅฝ is located in the ๐ก๏ธ
-The most prominent physical features in Labrador are the ________๐๐ณ๏ธโ๐ Mountains in the ๐; they formed 750 mya.
-The Tablelands in Western Newfoundland is one of the few places in the world where Earthโs mantle is exposed.
-The collision of two tectonic plates 350 mya forced the mantle up over the crust.
-The rock of the mantle is ultramafic and lacks the nutrients required to support plant life.
-The landscape is barren and desert-like despite receiving a large amount of precipitation.
- Labrador is located in the Canadian Shield.
-The most prominent physical features in Labrador are the Torngat Mountains in the northern tip; they formed 750 mya.
Note: think of Torn=broken heart and gat=gati=69 hair
Climate
-The proximity to the AO results in a ๐๐ฆ
- The cold _______ ________ keeps winter temperatures ___ enough so that most precipitation in winter falls as _____.
-Weather systems that moveโก๏ธ across NA gain ๐งด from the _____ and thus______ as they move over the region.
-Systems that rapidly gain intensity in this way are referred to as _________. ๐
๐ฐs
-Though still _____ freezing, the moderating effect of the _______ _______ keeps winter temperatures along the coast warmer than other parts of Canada that are at similar latitudes.
-At any time of year, ๐ฅ air masses that originate over the ____ ___ ______ can travel up the coast and collide with๐ฅถcontinental air masses, leading to heavy ๐จ.
Climate
-The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean results in a high amount of precipitation.
- The cold Labrador Current keeps winter temperatures low enough so that most precipitation in winter falls as snow.
-Weather systems that move from west to east across North America gain moisture from the ocean and thus intensify as they move over the region.
-Systems that rapidly gain intensity in this way are referred to as norโeasters.
-Though still below freezing, the moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean keeps winter temperatures along the coast warmer than other parts of Canada that are at similar latitudes.
-At any time of year, warm air masses that originate over the Gulf of Mexico can travel up the coast and collide with cold continental air masses, leading to heavy cloud cover.
The Labrador Current
-๐ฉใฐ๏ธ๐ง
-This current carried the iceberg that led to the ________ sinking in 19__
The Labrador Current
-The presence of the current is evident by the flow of icebergs that originate in Greenland.
-This current carried the iceberg that led to the Titanic sinking in 1912
The Climate of Newfoundland
- ๐คฎ
- TGS________ is a ๐ฅ ocean current originating off the east coast of ๐ฌ.
- It meets the ____ _______ ______ off the โฌ๏ธ coast of Newfoundland.
-๐ฅ๐๐ฅถ->๐ซ๏ธf,m
The Climate of Newfoundland
- Newfoundland is known for having the least desirable climate of any province.
- The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current originating off the east coast of Florida.
- It meets the cold Labrador Current off the south coast of Newfoundland.
-The mixing of the warm and cold currents causes frequent fog and mist.
Historical Geography
-๐ฅNA๐ญ๐ee
-๐ก๏ธ from ๐ณ๐ดestablished a settlement at ______ aux ๐ approximately 1___ AD.๐๐๏ธ
-๐ฎ๐นexplorer John ๐๐ค_____ reached Newfoundland in 1๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ฒwhile searching for a route to ๐.
-By the 1๐ฒ00s, the population of the Atlantic region was a mix of ๐ฌ๐ง,๐ซ๐ท(A),โบ๏ธ(mq)
-The French surrendered _______ (what is now the Maritime provinces) to the British under the Treaty of ______ in 171๐บ.
-๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐
-Following the Treaty, the Acadians refused to sign an oath of _______ to Britain and some ๐ช against Britain.
-From 1755-17โก๏ธ๐ฆ, the British _______ the majority of Acadians (over 11,000).
-Many Acadians migrated to France or to _______๐ง๐ปโ๐ฆฐ where they influenced the culture of _______.(KILLED FOR JORDANS)
Historical Geography
-The region was the first part of North America to be discovered by European explorers.
-Vikings from Norway established a settlement at LโAnse aux Meadows approximately 1000 AD. This site is the northernmost point of the island of Newfoundland.
- Italian explorer John Cabot reached Newfoundland in 1497 while searching for a route to Asia.
-By the 1700s, the population of the Atlantic region was a mix of British, French (Acadians) and Indigenous Peoples (Miโkmaq).
-The French surrendered Acadia (what is now the Maritime provinces) to the British under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
-The English gained dominance in the area after the expulsion of Acadians.
-Following the Treaty, the Acadians refused to sign an oath of allegiance to Britain and some participated in military operations against Britain.
-From 1755-1764, the British deported the majority of Acadians (over 11,000).
-Many Acadians migrated to France or to Louisiana where they influenced the culture of New Orleans.
St. Pierre and Miquelon
- This is the only part of the _______ ๐๐ซ๐ท that still belongs to France today.
- It is home to _000 people and is accessible by a _0 minute ferry ride from ๐ฑ, Newfoundland.
St. Pierre and Miquelon
- This is the only part of the former New France that still belongs to France today.
- It is home to 6000 people and is accessible by a 90 minute ferry ride from Fortune, Newfoundland.
Historical Geography
-____ ____ ____ __ _______ (1775-17โ๏ธ๐บ) impacted the historical settlement of the AR.
- Following the ๐๐บ๐ธ., ๐ฆ0,000 British Loyalists migrated to โฆ.
-Waves of immigrants from the British Isles continued over the next 100 years.
-๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ณ๓ ฃ๓ ด๓ ฟ๐งข, ๐ฎ๐ช๐ in NB.
Historical Geography
-The U.S. War of Independence (1775-1783) impacted the historical settlement of the Atlantic region.
- Following the victory by the U.S., 40,000 British Loyalists migrated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
-Waves of immigrants from the British Isles continued over the next 100 years.
-The Scottish tended to settle on Cape Breton Island and the Irish around Saint John, New Brunswick.
Early Economic Growth
-In the early 1โ๏ธ00s, harvesting of the areaโs natural resources by Britain was ________.
-The availability of ______ and the _______ location provided ideal conditions for shipbuilding for the BN.
-Just before Confederation, ๐๏ธโโ๏ธ>๐ชต->๐จ๐ข
Early Economic Growth
-In the early 1800s, harvesting of the areaโs natural resources by Britain was rampant.
-The availability of timber and the seaside location provided ideal conditions for shipbuilding for the British Navy.
-Just before Confederation, iron replaced wood as the main resource for shipbuilding.
Confederation
-NS an NB @ C.
-______. became the ๐ฒth province in 18๐ฒ๐บ.
-Newfoundland and Labrador joined as the ๐ฝ๏ธth province in 19๐.
-All were rather reluctant to ____๐ ๐๐ช(theyโre located in the ________).
-_โผ๏ธ๐ฆ________________ from _________ to Halifax played a role in luring the Maritimes to join Confederation.
-This gave access to the larger ______ and allowed Maritime ______ to grow.
-However, the ______ ________ led to the development of SO and SQ as the main ๐ ๏ธ in Canada and ultimately resulted in the AR remaining as a ________.
Confederation
-Nova Scotia and New Brunswick joined Canada at the time of Confederation.
-P.E.I. became the 7th province in 1873.
-Newfoundland and Labrador joined as the 10thprovince in 1949.
-All were rather reluctant to join due to the far distance from major markets in the rest of Canada (theyโre located in the peripheries).
-The Intercolonial Railway from Montreal to Halifax played a role in luring the Maritimes to join Confederation.
-This gave access to the larger markets and allowed Maritime businesses to grow.
-However, the National Policy led to the development of Southern Ontario and Southern Quebec as the main manufacturing area in Canada and ultimately resulted in the Atlantic region remaining as a periphery.
Linking the Island of Newfoundland
-After Newfoundland joined Confederation, the federal government committed to completing the TCH across Newfoundland in 19__umb.
-The federal government operates a daily year-round ferry service from Nova Scotia to ____ _____ _____ and an overnight ferry in summer months to ______.
Linking the Island of Newfoundland
-After Newfoundland joined Confederation, the federal government committed to completing the Trans-Canada Highway across Newfoundland in 1965.
-The federal government operates a daily year-round ferry service from Nova Scotia to Port Aux Basques and an overnight ferry in summer months to Argentia.
Linking Labrador
- Geography has resulted in Labrador being drawn into the economic orbit of ________.
Examples:
1. H๐ง๐ใฐ๏ธQ
2. ๐๏ธโโ๏ธ๐ฆฎ-๐
3. The L-QH ๐-Q phs
Linking Labrador
- Geography has resulted in Labrador being drawn into the economic orbit of Quebec.
Examples:
1. Hydroelectricity produced in Labrador is transmitted by power lines through Quebec.
2. Iron ore mined in Labrador is transported to the port of Sept-Iles, Quebec.
3. TheLabrador-Quebec Highway connects Labradorโs largest city (Happy Valley-Goose Bay) to Quebecโs provincial highway system
Current Economy
- ๐๐AP;๐ฎ๐ปโโ๏ธ
What are the reasons for the weak economic performance of the region? DSPG
1. Dโ๐คบep(The division into four small provinces discourages an integrated economy (all fighting each other for equalization payments).
2. S๐ซโซ๏ธ,๐ฃ
3. T๐๐๐ฆ
4. ๐พ๐ฆ๐ฉ32/338HoC
Current Economy
- Unemployment rates in the Atlantic Provinces have frequently been the highest in Canada and there is heavy dependence on the federal government for economic support.
-What are the reasons for the weak economic performance of the region?
1. Thedivision into four small provinces discourages an integrated economy (all fighting each other for equalization payments).
2. Someofthe natural resources have been nearly exhausted (coal) or exploited (cod).
3. Thepopulation is widely dispersed and consists of small cities, towns, and isolated villages.
4. It is geographically isolated from political power and is represented by only 32 of the 338 seats in the House of Commons
Unemployment in the Atlantic Provinces
-๐ ๐๐๐พv
-๐ฃ๐ซ
- ๐ฃ->A๐ข๏ธโ๏ธ
-๐ฆ๐FM->๐ฑAP
Unemployment in the Atlantic Provinces
-Unemployment is especially high in the rural and coastal villages.
-Many of these communities have their roots in the fishing industry which can no longer support them.
- Some former fishers turned to commuting to the Alberta oil sands.
-Workers spend 20 consecutive days in Fort McMurray and then return to the Atlantic Provinces for 8 days
Steel Industry in Nova Scotia
-๐๏ธโโ๏ธmining provided the basis for the ________ ________ on ๐๏ธ
-๐ค๏ธ.
-๐๐๏ธโโ๏ธWW2๐๐ท๐ผโโ๏ธ.
-The ____ ____ in _________ closed in 2๐๐๐ฅ and has left ______ with a ๐ซ.
Steel Industry in Nova Scotia
-Iron mining provided the basis for the steel industry on Cape Breton Island.
-Much of the steel was used for the construction of railroads all across Canada.
-Demand for steel dropped following WWII and the size of the labour force was reduced.
-The steel mill in Sydney closed in 2001 and has left Cape Breton Island with a depressed economy.
Sydney Tar Ponds
-S____, NS was formerly a major ____ and _____ producing center in Canada.
-๐ฌand ___ _____ contained ____ ____ from the steel mill.
-๐งซ๐ฆฆ
- 1990s ๐๐ฌ
-๐ฆ๐งฝ.
-From 1998 to โ๏ธ, the federal and Nova Scotia governments spent a combined $___ M on clean up.
-๐พ-soil
Sydney Tar Ponds
-Sydney, Nova Scotia was formerly a major iron and steel producing center in Canada.
-The air was heavily polluted and tar ponds contained waste products from the steel mill.
-Toxic chemicals began leaking into a nearby creek and contaminated groundwater in the area.
-In the late 1990s people living in the vicinity had the highest cancer rates in Canada.
-The Sydney tar ponds were the site of the biggest environmental clean up project in Canada.
-From 1998 to 2012, the federal and Nova Scotia governments spent a combined $400 M on clean up.
-The ponds were solidified with a cement-like mixture and then buried with soil.
The Atlantic Continental Shelf
-AC has a vast continental shelf which includes several ๐ฆ.
-______ are areas where the water is relatively shallow and contains higher amounts of wildlife๐ป.
-The largest are the ๐ฆ_______ Banks and ๐_____ Bank.
-_______ ______: the extended perimeter of a continent associated with a ๐พโ๏ธ.
^____country can fish 200 miles out of its coast (red line).
The Atlantic Continental Shelf
-Atlantic Canada has a vast continental shelf which includes several banks.
-Banks are areas where the water is relatively shallow and contains higher amounts of wildlife.
-The largest are the Grand Banks and Georges Bank.
-Continental Shelf: the extended perimeter of a continent associated with a coastal plain.^every country can fish 200 miles out of its coast (red line).
Georges Bank
-In ๐ฒ๐ฒ, the federal government claimed its right to manage fisheries within a 200 _______ mile zone off Canadaโs ec; the U.S. ๐ฎโโ๏ธ๐๐บ๐ธ.
-๐จ๐ฆ๐คบ๐บ๐ธGeorges Bank.
-A decision by the ______ ________ awarded โ
of Georges Bank to the ____
-The _ that belongs to Canada is very rich in _____ and has benefited the ____ _____ economy.
Georges Bank
-In 1977, the federal government claimed its right to manage fisheries within a 200 nautical mile zone off Canadaโs east coast; the U.S. federal government did the same for the U.S. east coast.
-This resulted in an area of dispute between the two countries involving the rights to Georges Bank.
-A decision by the International Court awarded โ
of Georges Bank to the U.S.
-The โ
that belongs to Canada is very rich in scallops and has benefited the Nova Scotia economy.
Fishing Industry
There are differences in the type of catch by location:
โ _____________ harvested mostly cod in the Grand Banks until the collapse of that industry.
โ The Maritime provinces harvest a variety of _____ life (lobster, scallops, shrimp, flounder, crabs) in several different banks.
โ ________ is the most valuable species, accounting for over 60% of the total value of the Maritime fishery.
Fishing Industry
There are differences in the type of catch by location:
โNewfoundland harvested mostly cod in the Grand Banks until the collapse of that industry.
โ The Maritime provinces harvest a variety of sea life (lobster, scallops, shrimp, flounder, crabs) in several different banks.
โ LOBSTER is the most valuable species, accounting for over 60% of the total value of the Maritime fishery.
Fishing Industry
-Modernization has impacted the fishing industry:
โ ๐๐ฃ;๐ฅ
โ Large t_____ with ๐๏ธโโ๏ธ๐ฅ
have contributed to the problem of exploitation.
-The weighted nets indiscriminately trap ____ types of fish regardless of age, species, and value.
- Implications:
โ ๐ฆ๐๏ธnon-c dis
โ ๐ฅ๐ชธ
Fishing Industry
-Modernization has impacted the fishing industry:
โ fewer fishers are required since nets and gear have become more efficient
โ Large trawlers with weighted nets have contributed to the problem of exploitation.
-The weighted nets indiscriminately trap all types of fish regardless of age, species, and value.
- Implications:
โ They create enormous waste because non-commercial fish are discarded.
โ They destroy fragile ecosystems on the ocean floor, including reefs and habitats for breeding.
The Cod Fishery
-๐ฅ๐ฃ;๐ฎโโ๏ธ
- Mismanagement of the cod fishery was based on three factors:E
1. E๐ซ๐ by the DoFaO Department of Fisheries and Oceans were too high.
2.There was ๐ช pressure for high cod _____ from Newfoundland politicians to ______ revenue.
3. ๐จ๐ฆ๐
or๐ฆ๐ฆ
-The federal government placed a ๐ถ๐ผ(mornamin b quite) (ban) on cod fishing in 19๐ฑ๐ฆ.
- ๐?
-r๐ฒyrs.
The Cod Fishery
-When the industry collapsed, many fishers in Newfoundland were forced to turn to government assistance. Mismanagement of the cod fishery was based on three factors: 1. Estimates of cod stocks by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans were too high.
2. There was strong pressure for high cod quotas from Newfoundland politicians to increase revenue.
3. Canada does not have control over the outer regions of the Grand Banks.
-The federal government placed a moratorium (ban) on cod fishing in 1992.
- It is still not known how long it will take for cod stock to fully recover.
-Cod do not reproduce until the age of 7 years.
Natural Resources
PMF Fe Fcr
Petroleum,Minerals,Fisheries, Forest exports, farm cash receipts
Natural Resources
Petroleum,Minerals,Fisheries, Forest exports, farm cash receipts
Forestry
-AC- ___________.
-Some forests in the region have been logged ______ times over the past 300 years.
-The industry has ______ with the โฆ๐๐งป
-๐๐ NB 00
Forestry
-The forests in Atlantic Canada are primarily coniferous. (think coni is ferous so she needs Air conditioning)
-Some forests in the region have been logged three times over the past 300 years.
-The industry has declined with the reduced demand for newsprint and paper
-Several pulp and paper mills in New Brunswick have closed since 2000.
