W2 Regions of Canada: Physical Geo of Can Flashcards
1
Q
-Sense of place:
- Regional consciousness: the willingness to advocate for regional interests
- Each Canadian region has both a sense of place and regional pride as well as a commitment to federalism
- Collective experiences among people in a region has led to shared aspirations, goals, and values
- A sense of place within a specific city protects against the current phenomena of economic and cultural
globalization - Distinctive cityscapes provide an identity that evokes a psychological bond between people and the location
A
a psychological bond that people have for the area where they were born and raised or for where they currently live.
2
Q
What are the 3 things that a sense of place arises from?
A
-Physical landscape of the area
-economic activities
-institutional bodies
-
3
Q
- A strong sense of place leads to _______LEO
A
life chances, experiences, and opportunities
4
Q
Regional consciousness:
A
the willingness to advocate for regional interests
5
Q
- Each Canadian region
sends regular computers
A
- sense of place
- regional pride
-commitment to federalism
6
Q
- Collective experiences among people in a region has led to shared
A
aspirations, goals, and values
7
Q
- A sense of place within a specific city protects against the current phenomena of _______ and ________
globalization
A
- A sense of place within a specific city protects against the current phenomena of economic and cultural
globalization
8
Q
- _______ ______ provide an identity that evokes a psychological bond between people and the location
A
- Distinctive cityscapes provide an identity that evokes a psychological bond between people and the location
9
Q
The 6 Regions of Canada
OQAWBT
Oh Quiet Andrew With Bitch Things
A
- Ontario
- Quebec
- Atlantic Canada
- Western Canada
- British Columbia
- Territorial North
10
Q
These areas have been defined as regions because:
Man Id Break Links
🧳
🔍
📈
🕵🏿♀️💰
A
They are…
-Manageable sections in a balanced size
- Identifiable by a set of physical features, natural resources, and economic strengths
- Broken down on a provincial basis which makes it easy to study statistical data
-linked to regional identity and sometimes are associated with regional disputes
11
Q
Characteristics of the Regions
- Most people live in ______ and _______
- This is important in _______ elections
- The proportion of people living in the ______ has gone up recently
- the proportion of people living in
the _______ and Quebec has gone down
A
- Most people live in Ontario and Quebec
- This is important in federal elections
- The proportion of people living in the west has gone up recently (people like living in the west cause Kayne west)
-the proportion of people living in
the Atlantic and Quebec has gone down
12
Q
The Core/Periphery Theory
- “____land/hinterland theory”
- A model that describes __________ among regions in Canada
- This model is based on the idea that the _______ economies result in regionally _______ development
A
The Core/Periphery Theory
- “Heartland/hinterland theory”
- A model that describes interactions among regions in Canada
- This model is based on the idea that the Capitalists economies result in regionally uneven development
13
Q
- Uneven development =
A
- Uneven development = some people are really rich, and some people are really poor
14
Q
-The Core/Periphery Theory states: both the core and the periphery are dependent on each other, but the ____ (the industrial ______) dominates the economic relationship with the periphery (the ______ hinterland)
A
- The Core/Periphery Theory states: both the core and the periphery are dependent on each other, but the core (the industrial heartland) dominates the economic relationship with the periphery (the resource hinterland)
15
Q
- The ________ is not very populated
A
Hinterland
16
Q
- ## In Canada, the core is–
A
–Southern Ontario
–Southern Quebec
17
Q
- All other areas make up the _______
A
periphery
18
Q
- B.C and the ______ Provinces are ______ transitional peripheries
- The _______Provinces are a downward transitional periphery
A
- B.C and the Prairie Provinces are upward transitional peripheries
- The Atlantic Provinces are a downward transitional periphery
Think of
BC (climb up mountain) PP(boat up)(think they are racing -upward
-AP (pitsol) down by my waist
19
Q
- The Territorial North is a
Rf
A
resource frontier periphery
20
Q
Characteristics of Cores:
🥩R
🔧M
🐜G
💁🏼D
🌆U
🪙H
A
- Receives raw materials from the periphery
- Manufacturing is a common industry
- Geographically small
- Diverse economy
- Urban and densely populated
- Home to the corporate headquarters
21
Q
Characteristics of Peripheries
💰P
🦍G
🪵R
🚜R
A
- Purchases manufactured goods from the core
- Geographically large
- Resource based economy
- Rural and sparsely populated
22
Q
As one travels from a core to a periphery there are noticeable trends:
-🏘️B
-🦝📈U
-💰📉M
A
- Both population and population density increase
- Unemployment rate increases
- Median income decreases (some exceptions)
23
Q
There are two contrasting ways that cores and peripheries interact:
A
- Regional exploitation
- Modernization
24
Q
There are two contrasting ways that cores and peripheries interact:
- Regional exploitation
A
– the economically wealthy core exploits the natural wealth of the periphery leaving it impoverished
25
2. Modernization –
the core invests in the periphery and helps it to develop economically
- This is better fitting to Canada
26
Sub-Cores in Canada
- A sub-core has similar characteristics to a core, but at a much smaller scale
- Examples of Sub-cores within Canada’s peripheries:
1. V/V
2. E/C
3. H
vv(diamonds)-(ec=easy) Ha
1.Vancouver/Victoria
2. Edmonton/Calgary
3.Halifax
27
*Staples thesis*:
proposed explanation of how and why Canada’s economy has grown and changed since
Confederation
-how a staple changed and grown because of economy
-lumber is an example
28
Staple product:
🪵 🛬 💰
a natural resource that can be exploited relatively quickly and cheaply for profit
29
Canada’s economic history is linked to the discovery, utilization, and export of staple resources in its peripheral
regions
- But eventually, economic _____________ happened, and this made the peripheral regions have other
things to rely on – therefore they were ___________________________________
Canada’s economic history is linked to the discovery, utilization, and export of staple resources in its peripheral
regions
- But eventually, economic diversification happened, and this made the peripheral regions have other
things to rely on – therefore they were less reliant on natural resources
30
This thesis was proposed by _______ ______ in the early 19__’s
This thesis was proposed by Harold Innis in the early 1930’s
31
The Atlantic Provinces region was the _____ region to be settled
- It was originally a _________ for England
- England was reliant on Canada’s
_____
The Atlantic Provinces region was the 1st region to be settled
- It was originally a periphery for England
- England was reliant on Canada’s lumber
32
Progression of Canada’s Staples
- There has been an E____ to W____ progression of the most important economic staples:
- Lumber (e w)
(This was an early staple product)
- Fur (e w)
- Agriculture (OW)
- Oil (W)
- Fish (e)
Progression of Canada’s Staples
- There has been an East to West progression of the most important economic staples:
- Lumber (east west)
(This was an early staple product)
- Fur (east. West)
- Agriculture (Ontario West)
- Oil (west)
- Fish (east)
33
Economic Linkages for Growth
- Three types of economic linkages are necessary for economic growth and job creation
1. B🪚
2. F🧤🪵🛫
3. F👮🏿🏪
1. Backward linkage:
2. Forward linkage:
3. Final demand linkage:
34
1. Backward linkage: 🪚
supplies for the staple industry (Ex. Saws and tools for the lumber industry)
35
2. Forward linkage:
🧤🪵🛫
local processing before export (Ex. Squaring lumber before shipment)
36
3. Final demand linkage:
🏪
servicing the needs to workers and families (general stores, schools, etc.)
37
The National Policy (1879)
- 🔘📈🇨🇦
- 💸
- 🌎🦫🤑
The National Policy (1879)
- This contributed to the development of the core in Canada
- The policy implemented tariffs and restricted the trade on foreign-made goods
- This created a nationwide market for Canadian-made goods and not foreign made goods
38
- Implications of The National policy:
1. 💸📈🇺🇸
2. 🎩🚊📉
3. Had a negative impact in Western Canada because they were purchasing expensive Canadian-made goods
from the core but were exporting wheat and grain to the U.S at low prices since the U.S had its own tariffs
“Western ______”
1. Increase the price of goods from the U.S which would have otherwise been cheaper to purchase
2. It favoured economic and manufacturing growth in southern Ontario and southern Quebec since this is
where transportation costs were minimized
3. Had a negative impact in Western Canada because they were purchasing expensive Canadian-made goods
from the core but were exporting wheat and grain to the U.S at low prices since the U.S had its own tariffs
“Western alienation”
39
The Canada – U.S Free Trade Agreement (1988)
-1988 bc they traded patty kane (88)
- Helped peripheries by providing cheaper products to purchase and providing a larger market for their staple products
- Many large companies began to integrate by operative factories in one location only (ie. They didn’t have one
location in each country)
- This agreement was superseded by NAFTA in 1994 when Mexico joined
- NAFTA was superseded in 2018 by CUSMA
40
Thickening Canada – U.S Border
- This has been happening since Sept. 11, 2001 (i.e. 911)
- Auto manufacturing assembly plants in southern Ontario need quick and easy access to the U.S market
- Before 2001, Canadian citizens were not required to show passports when entering the U.S (or vice
versa)
- The change in identification requirements at the border led to a dramatic decline in the tourism industry in
border cities (Niagara Falls, Windsor, Sarnia)
- The U.S federal government favours a North America security perimeter that includes a common position on
immigration, military, and trade policies
- This idea of a continental perimeter is thought to potentially reduce the threat of terrorist attacks
41
Canada in the Global World
- On a global scale, NA and WE make up the global core
- On a global scale, Asia (_____, _____ ____, ____) make up sub-cores where there is rapid economic growth
Canada in the Global World
- On a global scale, North America and Western Europe make up the global core (think NA WE make up the global core)
- On a global scale, Asia (China, South Korea, Japan) make up sub-cores where there is rapid economic growth
42
- Diversification of trade is a ___ priority for Canada in order to take advantage of the ______ in Asia
- However, the ___ will likely always remain Canada’s ________ market
- Diversification of trade is a top priority for Canada in order to take advantage of the growth in Asia
- However, the U.S will likely always remain Canada’s principal market
43
Physical Geography
- Canada’s physical geography provides the main explanation for its ____ distribution of population
- Canada’s physical geography also provides a basis for the _______ of a core
- An area that is _____ physically favourable is more likely to develop into a core with a large population
- The variations in physical geography provide the basis for________ across Canada
Physical Geography
- Canada’s physical geography provides the main explanation for its uneven distribution of population
- Canada’s physical geography also provides a basis for the location of a core
- An area that is more physically favourable is more likely to develop into a core with a large population
- The variations in physical geography provide the basis for biodiversity across Canada
44
TB
tb pg intro3-4 canadas geo regions 5-7 the core per theory beyind 14-15 15-16 vignette 1.1'
study and add notes here
45
Types of Rocks
1.S
2.I
3.M
1.Sedimentary rock
2.Igneous rock
3.Metamorphic rock
46
- Sedimentary rock: 💨
- Weathering:
- Erosion:
-🫓
- 🙌🧱🔮📉
- ⛽️🤙
-layered rock composed of materials that have been affected by wind and weathering
(weathering=the breakdown of the rock)
(Erosion: the movement of broken materials)
-usually flat and horizontal
-Sediments are cemented together by pressure and do not generally contain much mineral content
-Fossil fuels are sometimes found in sedimentary rock
47
- Igneous rock:
🔥🔮
🚫💨
molten rock (magma or lava) that emerged onto Earth’s surface and cooled
- Is hard, resists erosion and contains minerals
48
- Metamorphic rock:🙌🔥
pre-existing rocks that change form by the process of extreme heat and pressure and
sometimes contain minerals
- Ex. Limestone – the metamorphic rock of limestone is marble
49
The Rock Cycle
50
Geologic Elements of Canada
1- C
2- F
3- P
- Canadian shield
- Folded Mountains
- Platform
51
Geologic Elements of Canada
1- Canadian shield
- Composed of highly resistant igneous rock – over 1 billion years old (oldest rock in NA)
- Extends from the Northwest Territories through the Prairie Provinces, northern Ontario, northern
Quebec and Labrador
52
2- Folded Mountains
- Folding is caused by the movement of tectonic plates
- This folding causes sedimentary rock to change into metamorphic rock
53
3- Platform
- These rocks underlay the Interior Plans of the continent – from the Northwest Territories to Texas
- They are mainly sedimentary and contain large areas of oil and natural gas
54
Mountains in Canada
1. C
2. I
3. A
Mountains in Canada
1. Cordillera
2. Innuitian Mountains
3. Appalachian Mountains
55
1.Cordillera
- Include the Rocky Mountains and Coast Mountains
- Youngest mountains in Canada
- Highest, most jagged
- Are permanently snow capped
56
2- Innuitian Mountains
- Found in northern Nunavut
- Jagged but somewhat eroded
- Mostly inaccessible mountains
57
3- Appalachian Mountains
- Found in Quebec and Atlantic Canada
- Relatively old, relatively low, well eroded and covered with vegetation
58
Physiographic Region
- large area of Earth’s crust that has common characteristics
- Extends over a large area with similar topographic features
- Landforms have been shaped by a common set of processes
59
How would you draw it???????
exam
60
What are the seven physiographic regions?
CCI HAAG
1. Canadian Shield
2. Cordillera
3. Interior Plains
4. Hudson Bay Lowlands
5. Arctic Archipelago
6. Appalachian Uplands
7. Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
61
1. Canadian Shield
🌓
🪨
🧊
💎
🎣
- Extends over half of the country’s land mass
- The rocky surface consists of mainly rugged land
- During the last time of ice advance, the surface was subjected to glacial erosion and deposition
- Contains a wealth of valuable metallic mineral resources (gold, zinc,iron,silver)
- Full of lakes
62
2. Cordillera
⛰️mpv
🦜
📍
🧗♀️
- Complex region of mountains, plateaus(high land between mountain and peaks), and valleys
- Has the highest variation in relief of all the physiographic regions
- North-south alignment extends from Yukon to southern British Columbia
- The Rocky Mountains are the best known and tallest of the many mountain ranges
63
3. Interior Plains
-🗿
-🦫
⛰️
- Region was once covered by a large shallow inland sea where sediments eventually formed sedimentary
rock (think of him crying that where you get the water part)
- Deep, wide river valleys are a unique feature of this region are evidence of glacial spillways
- This is evidence that were used to be a glacier there because the valleys are wider than a river
64
4. Hudson Bay Lowlands
-🧱
🙎🏻♂️
🏠
🧊
-thinkn of hog and musk and ice spirit same deck used all the time and freeze
- Has many bogs and contains muskeg (poorly drained soil)
- Has the least variation of relief of all physiographic regions
- Permafrost is widespread and there are only a few very small settlements (permafrost under the soil that is why the soil can not drain the water)
- most of the year the puddles are frozen
65
5. Arctic Archipelago
-🇲🇵cpm
-⬆️
-🏔️
-🏝️
-Archipelago = cluster of islands
- Complex area of coastal plains, plateaus, and mountains located north of the Arctic Circle
- The northern part of this region is permanently covered in snow and ice while the southern part
contains tundra
- The region is underlain by continuous permafrost, making tree growth impossible
66
6. Appalachian Uplands
- 🛟
-🛶
-An area of rounded uplands and narrow river valleys
- The indented coastline of the region contains many small bays and harbours
67
7. Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
-🐜
-🫓
-🌾
- Smallest physiographic region
- Landscape is generally flat with rolling hills reflecting the underlying sedimentary rock (chicken on the rocks it is flat but you need to roll it to serve)
- The soil is very fertile and well suited for agriculture and variety of crops
68
Glaciation
-🪚
-🧊
-⌚️
- Glaciation was a major shaping force in Canada
- 18 000 years ago, all of Canada (not norther Yukon) was covered in ice sheets
- The advance and retreat of ice has greatly altered the appearance of the landscape
69
What are the two types of Glaciers?
- Continental glaciers:
- Alpine Glaciers:
70
- Continental glaciers:
🧊🧊🌎
🇬🇱📍
- Thick sheets of ice that cover entire continents
- Today the only continental glaciers on Earth are on Greenland and Antarctica – the ice is up to 3km thick
71
- Alpine Glaciers:
🏔️
⛷️+❄️+🧊=🌊
- Glaciers that are found in mountainous regions
- A glacier can develop when slopes accumulate with snow that compacts into ice over long periods of
time
72
Alpine Glaciers contd:
- Arete
- Cirque🌓
exam
-– the spine along a hill side
– half shape glacier along a hillside (because the q cuts it half)
73
Alpine postglacial landscapes have been hugely affected by ___
Alpine postglacial landscapes have been hugely affected by ice
74
Glacial Retreat
HB
used to b lots💦;🧊->🪨->🕳️
- Hudson’s Bay is present because there used to be a lot of water there – the ice pushed the rock and then made
a hole for water
75
Evolution of the Great Lakes
- The great lakes are remnants of glacial lakes that bordered the continental ice sheet
- The bottoms of the lakes were formed by glacial scouring and then filled with water from the melting ice
76
scouring
ice removes rock and fills it with water
77
Former Lake Agassiz
-🦍
-🔥🧊
-💁🏼♂️
-🛏️🍷
- This was once the largest lake in North America (think of ass is big but another girl got a injections
- It was formed by melting ice
- It was located in what is now Manitoba
- The former lakebed is now flat and fertile farmland and is a part of the Red River valley
78
Weather:
the current state of the atmosphere
-think of Texas 🌀
79
Climate:
🦖
average weather conditions for a specific place over a long period of time
80
What are the two major components of climate?
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
- These two components vary greatly across the country and cause the 7 major climate controls
81
What are the 7 Climate Controls
LAP POV L
1. Latitude
2. Altitude:
3. Proximity to Bodies of Water
4.Prevailing Wind
5.Ocean Currents
6. Variation in topography
7. Locations of Pressure Systems
82
Climate Controls
1. Latitude:
☀️
- At lower latitudes (near equator), more solar radiation impacts the surface
-most important one
83
2. Altitude:
❄️
- Higher elevations experience cooler temperatures
84
3. Proximity to Bodies of Water:
🍁
- Water keeps nearby land areas warmer in Autumn and cooler in spring
W A
cs (curvy)
85
4. Ocean Currents:
❄️🔥
- Currents transport warm or cold water depending on the source of the current
86
5. Variations in topography:
📉
- Cold air is dense and tends to sink into valleys
87
6. Prevailing Wind:
🐆
C w -
- Some wind systems cause rapid temperature changes
- Example. Chinook wind - Calgary (know)
88
7. Locations of Pressure Systems
🙇🏿♂️
- Relates to the position of warm and cold fronts
Is that nigger pressured to do warm and cold
89
Effects of Latitude
🏴
Scotland is at a higher latitude than Montreal, so you would expect it to be warmer, but the water near it affects it
-cooler in summer because surrounded by same ocean
90
Effects of Altitude
🥶
🌬️
🚀
- Temperature decreases with increasing altitude
- There are fewer air molecules at higher elevations (that’s why itshard to breath)
- This allows heat to more easily escape into space (bc thin air is more likely to escape in space)
91
Climatic Zones
🌊
PCP GASA
- Most of Canada’s land mass is located within the Subarctic and Arctic climate zones
1. Pacific
2. Cordillera
3. Prairies
4. Great Lakes – St. Lawrence
5. Atlantic
6. Subarctic
7. Arctic
92
What are the primary 2 things that Temperature is controlled by?
-🏋️💦
-
- Temperatures in Canada are primarily controlled by latitude and proximity to bodies of water
- Moderation is evident along ocean coasts (especially the pacific coast due to prevailing westerly winds) and a
lesser extent around the Great Lakes
- Farther away from bodies of water in the winter makes the area colder
93
Physical effects of temperature
🌷
- Temperature dictates the type of predominant vegetation in the
area
94
Temperature dictates the ______ of the growing season in an area
⭐️
Temperature dictates the length of the growing season in an area
- 7 tomatoes
- 6 corn
- 4 not good for agriculture
- 5 and up good for agriculture
- Clouds only form over land because hot air only rises over land and not lakes
number over 4 can do agricultural and the higher the number the more variety
the yellow zone follows below both lakeshores , fall is warmer so it extends the
95
Precipitation
- PT ⌛️
- The west coast is very 💦 due to _________ precipitation
-The Prairie provinces and the Territorial North are relatively dry (especially in the winter)
- The west coast is very wet due to orographic precipitation
96
- ______precipitation occurs in the Prairie Provinces and in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
especially during _____
- Convective precipitation occurs in the Prairie Provinces and in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
especially during summer
think of : there are a lot of thunderstorms so they pray(prairie for st lawernce)
97
- Precipitation is moderate and consistent year- round in the
Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
-melted snow is the same amount as liquid
98
- Lake effect snow is common in parts of
Southern Ontario
99
- Convective precipitation:
🔥📈🌩️
thunderstorms caused by air rising off hot ground
100
- Orographic precipitation: 🌄
caused by air rising up a mountain (think of O(O2=air) and r is the mountain..g=glommy rep sun on the other side)
- This forms clouds when it rises up the mountain
- Has clouds on one side of the mountain and the other side is sunny
101
Precipitation across Canada
🕳️
🌵
- Air is sinking after mountains
- Areas after mountains are dryer
vancover to calagary need air to rise to forma cload (west side windward) Calagary is very sunny
102
- Desert:
an area that receives less than 250mm of precipitation annually
- Happens up far north where there is little snow fall
