W4 Historical Geography of Canada Flashcards
1
Q
Three major events in Canada’s history have had (and continue to have) a profound impact on Canadian society…what are they
1.🥇
2.🇫🇷🏴
3.🎈
A
- The arrival of the first people in North America
- The colonization of North America by France and England
- The influx of people from eastern Europe
2
Q
The First People
- Hunters from the Old World (the _________ Hemisphere) were the first to arrive in North America about _0, 000
years ago
A
- Hunters from the Old World (the eastern Hemisphere) were the first to arrive in North America about 40, 000
years ago
3
Q
The First People
- They crossed the ______ Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska
- This land bridge was accessible at the time because the sea level was much _____ than it is
today (it is under water today)
- Then some of them continued east into ______ and others travelled ______ along the coast
A
The First People
- They crossed the Beringia Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska
- This land bridge was accessible at the time because the sea level was much lower than it is
today (it is under water today)
- Then some of them continued east into Yukon and others travelled south along the coast
4
Q
The First People
- As the continental ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ___-_____ corridor that
opened along the 🦶🏼___ of the Rocky Mountains
A
The First People
- As the continental ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ice-free corridor that
opened along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains
5
Q
The First People
- The first people hunted mammoths with pointed ______
- 11 000 years ago, these mammoths became extinct due to _______ ______ and hunting
- The first people then changed to a ____ diet with meat (buffalo and caribou), fish and plants
- This change in diet allow them to remain in a ______ geographic territory and therefore led to
______ groups of social units
- These social units marked the _________ of Indigenous tribes
- Trade amount the groups began about ______ years ago
A
The First People
- The first people hunted mammoths with pointed spears
- 11 000 years ago, these mammoths became extinct due to climate change and hunting
- The first people then changed to a mixed diet with meat (buffalo and caribou), fish and plants
- This change in diet allow them to remain in a specific geographic territory and therefore led to
separate groups of social units
- These social units marked the beginning of Indigenous tribes
- Trade amount the groups began about 10 000 years ago
6
Q
The First People
- The hunters eventually migrated to the _____
- The ______ people migrated to this area 1000 years ago and are the ancestors of the current Inuit people
- They were able to migrate to the arctic when the _______ Ice Sheet began retreating from Nunavut
about 5000 years ago
- This allowed groups of sea hunters to advance ______ and ___________
- In this area, they hunted _______, seals, and other marine animals
A
The First People
- The hunters eventually migrated to the arctic
- The Thule people migrated to this area 1000 years ago and are the ancestors of the current Inuit people
- They were able to migrate to the arctic when the Laurentide Ice Sheet began retreating from Nunavut
about 5000 years ago
- This allowed groups of sea hunters to advance eastward and northward
- In this area, the hunted walruses, seals, and other marine animals
7
Q
Contact with Europeans
- European explorers called the ____ World (the Western Hemisphere) “terra _______” (empty lands)
- Contact between __________ and Indigenous people occurred in Canada several times from the late 1400s through the 1500s
- Just before _____ _______, there may have been as many as 500, 000 Indigenous people living in Canada
- By 18__, the Indigenous population had ________ by 80% as a result
A
Contact with Europeans
- European explorers called the New World (the Western Hemisphere) “terra nullius” (empty lands)
- Contact between Europeans and Indigenous people occurred in Canada several times from the late 1400s through the 1500s
- Just before first contract, there may have been as many as 500, 000 Indigenous people living in Canada
8
Q
- By 1871, the Indigenous population had declined by 80% as a result
- This population declined as a result of:
1. 🦠ef
2. 🏹Es
A
- By 1871, the Indigenous population had declined by 80% as a result
- This population declined as a result of:
1. Spread of new diseases by explorers and fur traders
2. Loss of hunting groups by European settlers
9
Q
The Second People
- The second people were of French or British descent and came in along the ___ ____________
- French explorers established _____ ____ in 1608, the ______ permanent settlement in Canada
A
The Second People
- The second people were of French or British descent and came in along the St. Lawrence
- French explorers established Quebec City in 1608, the first permanent settlement in Canada
10
Q
The Second People
- The area become known as ____ _______ and grew to a population of 60, 000 before the arrival of ______ explorers in the mid __00’s
A
The Second People
- The area become known as New France and grew to a population of 60, 000 before the arrival of British explorers in the mid 1700’s
11
Q
The Second People
- After the ______ _______ of New France in _____, British immigrants began to move into the area
A
The Second People
- After the British Conquest of New France in 1759, British immigrants began to move into the area
- The battle that happened in 1759 was called the “Battle of the Plains of Abraham”
- The British and the French were fighting and the British won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly French. Without
this battle, Canada would be a mostly French speaking county
12
Q
The Second People (EXAM)
- The battle that happened in ____ was called the “Battle of the ______ of _________”
- The British and the French were fighting and the _____ won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly _______.
Without this battle, Canada would be a mostly _______ speaking county
A
The Second People
- The battle that happened in ____ was called the “Battle of the Plains of Abraham”
- The British and the French were fighting and the British won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly French.
Without this battle, Canada would be a mostly French speaking county
13
Q
HOW MANY Waves of British Immigration ARE THERE??
A
TWO WAVES
14
Q
Waves of British Immigration
First wave:
- ________ Loyalists living in the U.S supported Britain during the U.S War of ________ (17🎲⭐️-17☃️🔺)
- After ______ was defeated they moved to Canada (BNA)
- Many Loyalists settled in ____ 🛥️ and _____ ________
A
Waves of British Immigration
First wave:
- British Loyalists living in the U.S supported Britain during the U.S War of Independence (1775-1783)
- After Britain was defeated they moved to Canada (British North America)
- Many Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia and Southern Ontario
15
Q
Waves of British Immigration
Second wave:
- Nearly _ million people migrated from the _____ ______ during the early to mid 1☃️00s
- This was because England had a ________🪱_ economy and the potato ______ was happening in Ireland
- There were a lot of people ✈️
A
Waves of British Immigration
- Second wave:
- Nearly 1 million people migrated from the British Isles during the early to mid 1800s
- This was because England had a deteriorating economy and the potato famine was happening in Ireland
- There were a lot of people immigrating
16
Q
Confederation
- In 1867, the population of British North America was . million
- 🎲⭐️% of the population lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
- 🦆% of the population lived in the Atlantic region
- 🔯% of the population was of British descent – therefore there was an English majority
A
Confederation
- In 1867, the population of British North America was 3.5 million
- 75% of the population lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
- 20% of the population lived in the Atlantic region
- 60% of the population was of British descent – therefore there was an English majority
17
Q
Confederation
- In ___ River valley, the Metis people were over 80% of the population
- Metis = a mix of Indigenous and _______ descent
A
Confederation
- In Red River valley, the Metis people were over 80% of the population
- Metis = a mix of Indigenous and European descent (e-european)
18
Q
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
A
- Upper Canada (Ontario)
- Lower Canada (Quebec)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
19
Q
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
1. Upper Canada (Ontario) - This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario
2. Lower Canada (Quebec)
3. New Brunswick
4. Nova Scotia - These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867 - Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States and
this is likely why confederation happened - Annexation: being taken over
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
A
- Upper Canada (Ontario)
* This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario - Lower Canada (Quebec)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867
- Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States and
this is likely why confederation happened
- Annexation: being taken over
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
20
Q
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
1. Upper Canada (Ontario)
A
- This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario
21
Q
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
2. Lower Canada
A
(Quebec)
22
Q
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
3.
4. - These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 18__
A
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867
23
Q
Why did the confederation happen?
A
Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States
24
Q
- Annexation:
- At confederation, all of the provinces were _____
than they are today
A
- being taken over (ann being taken over)
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
25
Land Transfer
- (HBC) controlled 🧸 Land and the _____-______
Territory at confederation
---In 1870, these lands were sold to the ______ ___________
Land Transfer
- Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) controlled Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory at confederation
--In 1870, these lands were sold to the federal government
26
- The federal government felt that it was important to purchase and organize this land because:
---🔪
---🌾🚞
- The federal government felt that it was important to purchase and organize this land because:
---It would diminish the threat of the U.S settlers annexing the land
---The transport of grain would provide freight for a planned cross-continent railroad
27
The Third People
- The federal government specifically wanted to attract immigrants from SUR
- These locations have a similar climate and landscape to the _____🙏 region of Western Canada
- Therefore, 👩🏽🌾
The Third People
- The federal government specifically wanted to attract immigrants from Scandinavia, Ukraine and Russia
- These locations have a similar climate and landscape to the prairie region of Western Canada
- Therefore, immigrants from these places would know how to farm the land
28
The Third People
- _________ ________ (Minister of the Interior) was assigned the task of settling the _______ 🙏region of Western Canada
- From 1901 to 1921 the population of Western Canada grew from ___, 000 to 2 million
- The third people added a 📐
- People lived in Canada that were neither 🇫🇷🇬🇧🇮🇳
- The majority of the new immigrants lived in _________🪵
- 🙏🦍
- This area had previously been occupied by _______🔫 Indigenous groups who hunted 🦬
The Third People
- Clifford Sifton (Minister of the Interior) was assigned the task of settling the prairie region of Western Canada
- From 1901 to 1921 the population of Western Canada grew from 400, 000 to 2 million
- The third people added a new dimension to Canada’s population
- People lived in Canada that were neither a French nor British nor Indigenous background
- The majority of the new immigrants lived in homesteads
- The impact of the third people on the landscape of the prairies was enormous
- This area had previously been occupied by seminomadic(semi automatic)Indigenous groups who hunted buffalo
29
Evolution of Canada
- The British North America Act was passed on ____ ______
- This act united the ___ original colonies
what are they again?
Evolution of Canada
- The British North America Act was passed on July 1st, 1867
- This act united the four original colonies
Upper Canada (Ontario)
Lower Canada (Quebec_
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
30
Evolution of Canada what is the order?
. M BP Y(AS)NN
My blood pressure young as nigger nuns?
Manitoba
British Columbia
Prince Edward Island
Yukon
Alberta and Saskatchewan
Newfoundland
Nunavut
31
5- Manitoba – 🇵🇹si
1870
32
6- British Columbia – 🧽
1871
-one year laterrrrr
- At this time the country only had 6 provinces and 1 territory
33
7- Prince Edward Island –
1873 (3 because PEI is 3 words)
34
T2- Yukon – 🐱☃️
1898
35
- 8.Alberta and 9. Saskatchewan – ⭐️
1905
36
10- Newfoundland – 🏈
1949
Sanfran 49ers
37
last tert- Nunavut – 🏒
1999 (99 wg)
38
After confederation there were frequent changes in the boundaries of provinces and territories
The biggest dispute was between ______ and _________ and over the
boundary of Labrador:
- This dispute was ended in 19__ by an impartial judicial court in ______
- It was determined that all land that drains into the ______ Ocean was given to 🐕 (which belonged to Newfoundland and was a _____ colony at the time)
- 🍟🚫💦🔋
After confederation there were frequent changes in the boundaries of provinces and territories
The biggest dispute was between Quebec and Newfoundland and over the boundary of Labrador:
- This dispute was ended in 1927(bonus q) by an impartial judicial court in England
- It was determined that all land that drains into the Atlantic Ocean was given to Labrador (which
belonged to Newfoundland and was a British colony at the time)
- Quebec has never formally accepted this ruling – this ruling is about hydropower
39
What did Canada look like in 1873?
40
What did Canada look like in 1905?
41
What did Canada look like in 1927?
1. new border for Nunavit
2. gave newfoundland more land from quebec
42
Regional Tension
- 🧑🏿🦱🔫 👮♀️
- The federal government has the __________ of seeking a balance between regional needs and demands
- 🥩🤢
- 🥊
- 🩹🎓🗣️🚌💰
- 🌉
- 🦬
- ON🧫+US> ON+Al
Regional Tension
- Tensions in Canada often arise among regions or between regions and the federal government
- The federal government has the challenge of seeking a balance between regional needs and demands
- Despite their efforts, it is rare for regions to be satisfied
- Provinces compete against each other for funding from the federal government
- Health care, education, social services, and transportation are expensive ministries and each of them are
provincial responsibilities
- Regions in Canada are separated by great distances making trade and commerce between them difficult
- Geography encourages some Canadian regions to better align with nearby areas of the United States
- Ontario is culturally closer to the U.S than to Alberta
43
Faultlines in Canada
1. C🪙
2. I🇮🇳
3. I🛬
4. FE
Faultlines in Canada
1. Centralist / Decentralist
2. Indigenous / Non-Indigenous
3. Immigration
4. French / English
44
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- _______ dominance:
- O Q p + e dominance
- The ___ seats in the House of Commons are distributed by population
- Each ___________ ___ ________(MP) has a seat and each seat represents an _______ ______ that contains approximately 10_, 000 people
- When new seats are added to the House, they are given to the regions that are growing the ________
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- Political dominance:
- Ontario and Quebec have political dominance over other regions
- They also have economic dominance
- The 338 seats in the House of Commons are distributed by population
- Each Member of Parliament (MP) has a seat and each seat represents an electoral riding that
contains approximately 105, 000 people
- When new seats are added to the House, they are given to the regions that are growing the fastest
45
1. Centralist / Decentralist
What are the two Rules for Seats in the House of Commons
1. MP’s = senators
2. MP’s = 1976
- In 19🏀 Quebec ________ was happening so this rule was set to ensure a ________ number of MP’s for Quebec
1. Each province must have at least as many MP’s as it has senators
- This explains why PEI only 4 MP’s even though its population is only 140, 000
2. Each province must have at least as many MP’s as it did in 1976
- In 1976 Quebec separatism was happening so this rule was set to ensure a minimum number of MP’s for Quebec
46
1. Centralist / Decentralist
Western 👽 is an example of the centralist / decentralist faultline
- It is based on 🦄 provinces’ lack of _____ (whether real or perceived) to control their own _____
1. Centralist / Decentralist
Western Alienation is an example of the centralist / decentralist faultline
- It is based on western provinces’ lack of power (whether real or perceived) to control their own destiny
47
1. Centralist / Decentralist
The National Energy Program (1980-198_) is a good example of the West’s distrust of the federal government
- Energy prices 🌹 dramatically through the 19🎲0’s
- In the mid 1970’s the federal government agreed to match the _______ __________ _________ to the world oil price (which was very high at the time)
- This resulted in 🛢️💰🗻
- In 1980 the Liberal government (Pierre Trudeau) changed this with the initiation of the N🇨🇦 E⚡️ Program
- This program meant that the 👮♀️🚫🛢️🤦🏼♀️💰=🌎🛢️💰
- This was done to ensure a ______ cost of oil for Canadians and to redistribute the revenue from the oil industry to the federal government and other provinces
1. Centralist / Decentralist
The National Energy Program (1980-1984) is a good example of the West’s distrust of the federal government
- Energy prices rose dramatically through the 1970’s
- In the mid 1970’s the federal government agreed to match the domestic oil price to the world
oil price (which was very high at the time)
- This resulted in huge oil revenues for Alberta
- In 1980 the Liberal government (Pierre Trudeau) changed this with the initiation of the National Energy Program
- This program meant that the federal government refused to continue to match the domestic oil price with the world oil price
- This was done to ensure a lower cost of oil for Canadians and to redistribute the revenue from the oil industry to the federal government and other provinces
- Technically resource development is a provincial power – but the Canadian government
overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta fell
- This resulted in a distrust of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 2006 or 2011
- When Justin Trudeau won the election in 2015, only 4/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
48
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- Technically resource development is a ________ power – but the Canadian government overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta ___
- This resulted in a _____ of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 🇮🇹 or 20☝️☝️
- When ______ Trudeau won the election in 2015, only _/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- Technically resource development is a provincial power – but the Canadian government overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta fell
- This resulted in a distrust of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 2006 or 2011
- When Justin Trudeau won the election in 2015, only 4/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
49
1. Centralist / Decentralist
Equalization Payments
- These are payments from the ______ government to some provinces
- The objective of these is to ensure a relatively _______ standard of living among all Canadians
- Payments are only sent to provinces whose ability to raise their own revenue is _______ national standard
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- Equalization Payments
- These are payments from the federal government to some provinces
- The objective of these is to ensure a relatively equal standard of living among all Canadians
- Payments are only sent to provinces whose ability to raise their own revenue is below national standard
50
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- The media often refers to “have” or “have not” provinces
- Only “______” receive equalization payments
Have: 🗻B A S O N🚗
Have not: 👑
1. Centralist / Decentralist
- The media often refers to “have” or “have not” provinces
- Only “have not” receive equalization payments
- Have: B A S O NL
- Have not: P NB M NS Q
Prince (PEI) Not brave (NB) Might (M) No Show (Nova Scotia) Quiz
51
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* The federal government has responsibility for matters relating to all Indigenous Peoples
o In the past, the federal government _________ _________ policies
o __________ was attempted by educating Indigenous children in boarding schools operated by _________ churches beginning in 19⛄️🦆
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* The federal government has responsibility for matters relating to all Indigenous Peoples
o In the past, the federal government advocated assimilation policies
o Assimilation was attempted by educating Indigenous children in boarding schools operated by Christian churches beginning in 1982
52
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous Residential Schools
o 🤐
o 🏀
o The whole process has been deemed a _______ mistake that caused harmful impacts to generations of Indigenous Peoples
o In 200⌛️, the federal government formally apologizes for the harm done to children at these schools
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous Residential Schools
o Children were removed from their families and not permitted to speak Indigenous languages
o In 1996 the last school closed
o The whole process has been deemed a colossal mistake that caused harmful impacts to generations of
Indigenous Peoples
o In 2008, the federal government formally apologizes for the harm done to children at these schools
53
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Current policies towards resolving issues related to Indigenous peoples:
o S🛖
o R👁️
o A🏳️🌈
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Current policies towards resolving issues related to Indigenous peoples:
o Settling outstanding land claims
o Recognizing Indigenous rights to self-government
o Accepting that the concerns of each Indigenous people (First Nations, Metis, Inuit) are different and
require specific solutions
54
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
First Nations: 🥁
o ✅
o 🌓
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
First Nations: people who may be members of a band who have signed a treaty
o They are entitled to certain rights from the federal government
o Approximately half of the First Nations people live on a reserve
55
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Metis: 🇫🇷🏴
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Metis: people of mixed ancestry, either French-Indigenous or England-Indigenous
M=mixed, E is hit for England and frEnch
t= plus
i=indigenous
56
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Inuit: 🪡 🚗🥶🥪
* Inuit regions of Canada:
o In _____ of these regions, over 🎱0% of the population is Inuit
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Inuit: descendants of the Thule people who live primarily in the
four main regions of the Arctic and Subarctic
🪡 (thule=thread=it looks like
* Inuit regions of Canada:
o In each of these regions, over 80% of the population is Inuit
57
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous rights
o ⛰️
o 🍪
§ 🔯
§ 🥁
o 🛄
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous rights
o Land rights are the most fundamental of the Indigenous
rights
o Treaties negotiated with the federal government set aside
reserves for the Indigenous peoples
§ There are over 600 reserves today in Canada(35% of Indigenous can live on a reserve )
§ Reserves are collectively managed by Indigenous
bands
o There are many outstanding claims today all across Canada awaiting resolution
58
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* 🌉
o 💸
o 🔋
o 📊se
§🪵
§🥶
2. The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Bridging the faultline
o Indigenous economic development is a major goal of the federal government
o The continued transfer of power from the federal government to Indigenous communities is necessary
o The economic and social well-being of reserves varies widely
§ Some are economically stable due to the natural resources or tourism
§ Many are (isolated) with extreme poverty and very little economic base
59
3. The Immigration Faultline
* Immigration has historically been used as an instrument of 💩 power
* After the British Conquest of New 🇫🇷 in 1🎲⭐️🐱, the British government set
the 🛬policy
o 💣🇫🇷🗣️
3. The Immigration Faultline
* Immigration has historically been used as an instrument of colonial power
* After the British Conquest of New France in 1759, the British government set the immigration policy
o Their objective was to offset the French speaking population by encouraging large scale immigration to
British North America
60
3. The Immigration Faultline
* 🤞
* Immigration policies in the late 1800’s continued to reflect the ________
attitude that 🇬🇧🔝
o However, immigrants from other areas were still _________ due to a shortage of workers
o The __ Railway through the 🔌 was largely built by 15, 000 🇨🇳 labourers
* During the late 1800s and early 1900s, new immigrants were still expected to ______ to Canadian society
o ☹️🧑🏾🌾PP
3. The Immigration Faultline
* After Confederation, Canada remained closely tied to the British Empire
* Immigration policies in the late 1800’s continued to reflect the imperialist attitude that British people were superior to people from other countries
o However, immigrants from other areas were still needed due to a shortage of workers
o The CP Railway through the Cordillera was largely built by 15, 000 Chinese labourers
* During the late 1800s and early 1900s, new immigrants were still expected to conform to Canadian society
o This resulted into a poor experience for the original farmers of the Prairie Provinces who were not of
British descent
61
3. The Immigration Faultline
* The Red River Rebellion
o In 18😏 there was a clash between the federal government and the _____
§ At this time the Metis were led by 🇦🇱 💎
o This clash happened because the _____ _____ that the federal government developed to organize land in the West ignored existing ____ ___________
§ 😰
o The rebellion began when 🇦🇱 💎 placed his foot on a land ____________ chain and told .........
§ The Metis then took the control of the ___ headquarters
§ They also formed a __________ government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province
o Manitoba because a small province on July 15, 18__
§ 🔪
§ 🇦🇱 💎is known as the _____ ___ _________
o In their negotiations with the federal government, the Metis obtained their major demands:
1. The use of both _____ and ______ within the new provisional government
2. Dual system PC
3. The Immigration Faultline
* The Red River Rebellion
o In 1869 there was a clash between the federal government and the Metis
§ At this time the Metis were led by Louis Riel
o This clash happened because the survey system that the federal government developed to organize land in the West ignored existing Metis landholdings
§ The Metis feared for their rights to the land and their place in the new society
o The rebellion began when Louis Riel placed his foot on a land surveyor’s chain and told the surveyors to leave
§ The Metis then took the control of the HBC headquarters
§ They also formed a provisional(not off way of lead or organization) government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province
o Manitoba (P5) because a small province on July 15, 1870
§ This is the only province that joined through violence
§ Louis Riel is known as the Father of Manitoba
o In their negotiations with the federal government, the Metis obtained their major demands:
1. The use of both English and French within the new provisional government
2. Dual system Protestant and Catholic Schools
62
3. The Immigration Faultline
* The Northwest Rebellion
o This was a clash in 1🎱🎱✋ in ____🌾______ between the federal government and the M and FN people
o 🌊
o They then got the support of Riel (who was living in ____🍔____ at the time)
§💎✉️
§ 🚫👮🏻♂️
o In 1🎱🦈0, 🚫🛤️🦄💂🏿♀️
o But in ____ there was a railroad and an army could be sent out
§ An uprising began when an Indigenous group ambushed a NMP __________
§ This resulted in the deaths of __ officers and 6 Indigenous people
§ The Canadian Army then advanced on the area and pushed back again the ______ and _________ _________
§ 💎 and ⌛️IL 🪢
3. The Immigration Faultline
* The Northwest Rebellion
o This was a clash in 1885 in Saskatchewan between the federal government and the Metis and First
Nations people
o Indigenous Peoples living in the area felt threatened by an advancing wave of settlers
o They then got the support of Riel (who was living in Montana at the time)
§ Riel then sent a petition to the federal government with demands
§ But this was ignored
o In 1870, there was no railroad out west so there was no way to get an army out of that area
o But in 1885 there was a railroad and an army could be sent out
§ An uprising began when an Indigenous group ambushed a Northwest Mounted Police contingent
§ This resulted in the deaths of 12 officers and 6 Indigenous people
§ The Canadian Army then advanced on the area and pushed back again the Metis and Indigenous
forces
§ Riel and 8 Indigenous leaders were executed by hanging
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Newcomers to Manitoba
* From 18_0 to 1880, the ____ lost their _______ in _________ due to an influx of people from _______
* The influx was caused by:
o 🦫
o 🚜🌾
§ 💰
Newcomers to Manitoba
* From 1870 to 1880, the Metis lost their majority in Manitoba due to an influx of people from Ontario
* The influx was caused by:
o Ontario no longer having a surplus of agricultural land
o There were advances in machinery and rising prices for grain
§ This made wheat farming in Manitoba more profitable
64
Newcomers to Manitoba
* Doukhobors:
(exam)
Newcomers to Manitoba
communalists who did not believe in the individual ownership of land or government regulation
(Do? Uk hobors- they dont want to believe shit
some of the new settlers to the prarie region of Western Canada preferred to maintain theri own cultural traditions
65
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Communalists:
Exam
Newcomers to Manitoba
an advocate of communal living (sharing among a community)
66
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Some of the ____ _____ to the _____ ________ preferred to maintain their own cultural traditions
§ Many of the Doukhobors who moved to Canada had originally _____ to serve in the _________ army and were thus ________________
o The Doukhobors were granted :
---🧱
---🕊️
o Doukhobors refused to swear an ___ __ ________ to the King of ________
§ But in 190_, the new ________ of the IFO chose to enforce the Act
§ This act allowed the federal government to ____ the Doukhobors’ rights to the land
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Some of the new settlers to the Prairie Provinces preferred to maintain their own cultural traditions
§ Many of the Doukhobors who moved to Canada had originally refused to serve in the Russian
army and were thus persecuted by Russia
o The Doukhobors were granted
---blocks of land in Western Canada
---freedom from military service
o Doukhobors refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of England
§ But in 1905, the new Minister of the Interior Frank Oliver chose to enforce the Act
§ This act allowed the federal government to cancel the Doukhobors’ rights to the land
67
4. The French / English Faultline
* The unity of Canada depends on 🇫🇷🏴🤞
* This faultline dates back 17⭐️🐱 with the 🇬🇧 Conquest of the French on the ______of _______
* Under the Treaty of Paris in 1___, France ceded New France to Britain
o This places _______ speaking people under the _______monarchy
4. The French / English Faultline
* The unity of Canada depends on the continuation of the French and English relationship and the need tocompromise
* This faultline dates back 1759 with the British Conquest of the French on the Plains of Abraham
* Under the Treaty of Paris in 1763(brad marchand), France ceded New France to Britain
o This places French speaking people under the British monarchy
68
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Quebec Act (1774)
o In this act, the British government gave the French three provisions:
1.➗
2.⛪️
3🇫🇷🗣️🚜
4. The French / English Faultline
1. Continuation of the seigneurial landholding system
o Seigneurial system: land was divided into long narrow strips that enabled each
landholder access to the St. Lawrence River (S=St ...L=Lawrence ...think of all letters between have access)
2. Guarantee of religious freedom
3. Right to retain the French language
o This act was well received by French speaking people, many of whom lived in rural areas
o **don’t worry about this year**
69
4. The French / English Faultline
* British Loyalists
o After the ____________, nearly _0, 000 British Loyalists settled in Canada
o As the amount of ______-speaking settlers in the Great Lakes – _________________ increased, they wanted more _____ over their own _________
§ This led to the _________ ______
4. The French / English Faultline
* British Loyalists
o After the U.S revolution, nearly 40, 000 British Loyalists settled in Canada
o As the amount of English-speaking settlers in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands increased, they wanted more control over their own affairs
§ This led to the Constitutional Act
70
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Constitutional Act (17🍁__)
o This act divided the British colony of _______ into the provinces of:
1-UC(now ______)
2 -LC (now _____)
§ The ____🦦___ ______ was the dividing line
o However, 😞 with small ______ groups that governed the two provinces and wanted a more ds with an ea
§ This caused ________ to break out and eventually led to the ____ __ ______
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Constitutional Act (1791) (91 tavares)
o This act divided the British colony of Quebec into the provinces of:
1-Upper Canada (now Ontario) and
2-Lower Canada (now Quebec)
§ The Ottawa River was the dividing line
o However, many people became upset with the small elitist groups that governed the two provinces and
wanted a more democratic system with an elected assembly
§ This caused rebellions to break out and eventually led to the Act of Union
71
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Act of Union (1🍣🌫️☂️)
o _________ send LD to investigate the ________ of the people and the reasons for the rebellions
§ _____ _______ suggested uniting the two provinces under ____ large government
§ This was in the _______ best interest because it would make the _____ a minority
§ The ____ ___ was known as the Province of Canada
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Act of Union (1841)
o Britain send Lord Durham to investigate the grievances of the people and the reasons for the rebellions
§ Lord Durham suggested uniting the two provinces under one large government
§ This was in the British’s best interest because it would make the French a minority
§ The United Area (exam) known as the Province of Canada
72
4. The French / English Faultline
In ____, the _______ government ended funding for
Catholic schools
o This happened even though when 👨🏾 became a province, it did so under the assurance of ____ ______ and the right to be ________ in _______ or Catholic schools
o Further, the proportion of____-________ in Manitoba increased steadily to become a large _______
o This act contributed to the ________ relationship between French and England in Canada and was particularly upsetting to _______
4. The French / English Faultline
In 1890( Alexander Mogilny), the Manitoba government ended funding for Catholic schools
o This happened even though when Manitoba became a province, it did so under the assurance of language rights and the right to be educated in Protestant or Catholic schools
o Further, the proportion of Anglo-Protestants in Manitoba increased steadily to become a large majority
o This act contributed to the strained relationship between French and England in Canada and was particularly upsetting to Quebec
73
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Quiet Revolution: a period in the 1___s characterized by the rebirth of _____ and _______ among French speaking residents of Quebec
o During this time, the idea that Quebec could ______ from Canada to form an ________ country started to gain ______
o The growth and revenue generated by _____-________ was a symbol of Quebec’s _______ _______
4. The French / English Faultline
* The Quiet Revolution: a period in the 1960s characterized by the rebirth of pride and confidence among French speaking residents of Quebec
o During this time, the idea that Quebec could separate from Canada to form an independent country
started to gain strength
o The growth and revenue generated by Hydro-Quebec was a symbol of Quebec’s revitalized economy
74
* Quebec Separatism:
o This movement intensified when CdG (President of _____) visited Quebec in 19__ and proclaimed “v le Quebec l” which means “long live a free Quebec”
* Quebec Separatism:
o This movement intensified when Charles de Gaulle (President of France) visited Quebec in 1967 (last time leafs one)and proclaimed “vive le Quebec libre” which means “long live a free Quebec” (mont cheesed bc leafsone)
75
* Quebec Separatism: (exam)
o Two __________ on separation from Canada have been held in Quebec:
1.19🎱0: 🐚__% voted against separation
2.19🐱⭐️: 4_._% voted against separation, 4_._% voted for separation
o In 🇮🇹, Quebec was officially _________ by the federal government as a nation within Canada
§ Nation:
* Quebec Separatism:
o Two referendums on separation from Canada have been held in Quebec:
1.1980: 60% voted against separation
2.1995: 49.5% voted against separation, 48.7% voted for separation
o In 2006, Quebec was officially recognized by the federal government as a nation within Canada
§ Nation: a distinct cultural group
