W4 Historical Geography of Canada Flashcards
Three major events in Canada’s history have had (and continue to have) a profound impact on Canadian society…what are they
1.🥇
2.🇫🇷🏴
3.🎈
- The arrival of the first people in North America
- The colonization of North America by France and England
- The influx of people from eastern Europe
The First People
- Hunters from the Old World (the _________ Hemisphere) were the first to arrive in North America about _0, 000
years ago
- Hunters from the Old World (the eastern Hemisphere) were the first to arrive in North America about 40, 000
years ago
The First People
- They crossed the ______ Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska
- This land bridge was accessible at the time because the sea level was much _____ than it is
today (it is under water today)
- Then some of them continued east into ______ and others travelled ______ along the coast
The First People
- They crossed the Beringia Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska
- This land bridge was accessible at the time because the sea level was much lower than it is
today (it is under water today)
- Then some of them continued east into Yukon and others travelled south along the coast
The First People
- As the continental ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ___-_____ corridor that
opened along the 🦶🏼___ of the Rocky Mountains
The First People
- As the continental ice sheet retreated, descendants of the hunters travelled along the ice-free corridor that
opened along the foothills of the Rocky Mountains
The First People
- The first people hunted mammoths with pointed ______
- 11 000 years ago, these mammoths became extinct due to _______ ______ and hunting
- The first people then changed to a ____ diet with meat (buffalo and caribou), fish and plants
- This change in diet allow them to remain in a ______ geographic territory and therefore led to
______ groups of social units
- These social units marked the _________ of Indigenous tribes
- Trade amount the groups began about ______ years ago
The First People
- The first people hunted mammoths with pointed spears
- 11 000 years ago, these mammoths became extinct due to climate change and hunting
- The first people then changed to a mixed diet with meat (buffalo and caribou), fish and plants
- This change in diet allow them to remain in a specific geographic territory and therefore led to
separate groups of social units
- These social units marked the beginning of Indigenous tribes
- Trade amount the groups began about 10 000 years ago
The First People
- The hunters eventually migrated to the _____
- The ______ people migrated to this area 1000 years ago and are the ancestors of the current Inuit people
- They were able to migrate to the arctic when the _______ Ice Sheet began retreating from Nunavut
about 5000 years ago
- This allowed groups of sea hunters to advance ______ and ___________
- In this area, they hunted _______, seals, and other marine animals
The First People
- The hunters eventually migrated to the arctic
- The Thule people migrated to this area 1000 years ago and are the ancestors of the current Inuit people
- They were able to migrate to the arctic when the Laurentide Ice Sheet began retreating from Nunavut
about 5000 years ago
- This allowed groups of sea hunters to advance eastward and northward
- In this area, the hunted walruses, seals, and other marine animals
Contact with Europeans
- European explorers called the ____ World (the Western Hemisphere) “terra _______” (empty lands)
- Contact between __________ and Indigenous people occurred in Canada several times from the late 1400s through the 1500s
- Just before _____ _______, there may have been as many as 500, 000 Indigenous people living in Canada
- By 18__, the Indigenous population had ________ by 80% as a result
Contact with Europeans
- European explorers called the New World (the Western Hemisphere) “terra nullius” (empty lands)
- Contact between Europeans and Indigenous people occurred in Canada several times from the late 1400s through the 1500s
- Just before first contract, there may have been as many as 500, 000 Indigenous people living in Canada
- By 1871, the Indigenous population had declined by 80% as a result
- This population declined as a result of:
1. 🦠ef
2. 🏹Es
- By 1871, the Indigenous population had declined by 80% as a result
- This population declined as a result of:
1. Spread of new diseases by explorers and fur traders
2. Loss of hunting groups by European settlers
The Second People
- The second people were of French or British descent and came in along the ___ ____________
- French explorers established _____ ____ in 1608, the ______ permanent settlement in Canada
The Second People
- The second people were of French or British descent and came in along the St. Lawrence
- French explorers established Quebec City in 1608, the first permanent settlement in Canada
The Second People
- The area become known as ____ _______ and grew to a population of 60, 000 before the arrival of ______ explorers in the mid __00’s
The Second People
- The area become known as New France and grew to a population of 60, 000 before the arrival of British explorers in the mid 1700’s
The Second People
- After the ______ _______ of New France in _____, British immigrants began to move into the area
The Second People
- After the British Conquest of New France in 1759, British immigrants began to move into the area
- The battle that happened in 1759 was called the “Battle of the Plains of Abraham”
- The British and the French were fighting and the British won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly French. Without
this battle, Canada would be a mostly French speaking county
The Second People (EXAM)
- The battle that happened in ____ was called the “Battle of the ______ of _________”
- The British and the French were fighting and the _____ won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly _______.
Without this battle, Canada would be a mostly _______ speaking county
The Second People
- The battle that happened in ____ was called the “Battle of the Plains of Abraham”
- The British and the French were fighting and the British won
- This was a turning point in Canada’s history – before this, Canada was mostly French.
Without this battle, Canada would be a mostly French speaking county
HOW MANY Waves of British Immigration ARE THERE??
TWO WAVES
Waves of British Immigration
First wave:
- ________ Loyalists living in the U.S supported Britain during the U.S War of ________ (17🎲⭐️-17☃️🔺)
- After ______ was defeated they moved to Canada (BNA)
- Many Loyalists settled in ____ 🛥️ and _____ ________
Waves of British Immigration
First wave:
- British Loyalists living in the U.S supported Britain during the U.S War of Independence (1775-1783)
- After Britain was defeated they moved to Canada (British North America)
- Many Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia and Southern Ontario
Waves of British Immigration
Second wave:
- Nearly _ million people migrated from the _____ ______ during the early to mid 1☃️00s
- This was because England had a ________🪱_ economy and the potato ______ was happening in Ireland
- There were a lot of people ✈️
Waves of British Immigration
- Second wave:
- Nearly 1 million people migrated from the British Isles during the early to mid 1800s
- This was because England had a deteriorating economy and the potato famine was happening in Ireland
- There were a lot of people immigrating
Confederation
- In 1867, the population of British North America was . million
- 🎲⭐️% of the population lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
- 🦆% of the population lived in the Atlantic region
- 🔯% of the population was of British descent – therefore there was an English majority
Confederation
- In 1867, the population of British North America was 3.5 million
- 75% of the population lived in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands
- 20% of the population lived in the Atlantic region
- 60% of the population was of British descent – therefore there was an English majority
Confederation
- In ___ River valley, the Metis people were over 80% of the population
- Metis = a mix of Indigenous and _______ descent
Confederation
- In Red River valley, the Metis people were over 80% of the population
- Metis = a mix of Indigenous and European descent (e-european)
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
- Upper Canada (Ontario)
- Lower Canada (Quebec)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
1. Upper Canada (Ontario) - This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario
2. Lower Canada (Quebec)
3. New Brunswick
4. Nova Scotia - These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867 - Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States and
this is likely why confederation happened - Annexation: being taken over
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
- Upper Canada (Ontario)
* This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario - Lower Canada (Quebec)
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867
- Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States and
this is likely why confederation happened
- Annexation: being taken over
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
1. Upper Canada (Ontario)
- This was called upper Canada because you had to go up the St. Lawrence to get to Ontario
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
2. Lower Canada
(Quebec)
- Canada became a country in 1867 when four small British colonies united:
ULNN
3.
4. - These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 18__
- New Brunswick
- Nova Scotia
- These were the first four provinces and they
all joined in 1867
Why did the confederation happen?
Britain was eager to form a union to withstand
possible annexation by the United States
- Annexation:
- At confederation, all of the provinces were _____
than they are today
- being taken over (ann being taken over)
- At confederation, all of the provinces were smaller
than they are today
Land Transfer
- (HBC) controlled 🧸 Land and the _____-______
Territory at confederation
—In 1870, these lands were sold to the ______ ___________
Land Transfer
- Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) controlled Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory at confederation
–In 1870, these lands were sold to the federal government
- The federal government felt that it was important to purchase and organize this land because:
—🔪
—🌾🚞
- The federal government felt that it was important to purchase and organize this land because:
—It would diminish the threat of the U.S settlers annexing the land
—The transport of grain would provide freight for a planned cross-continent railroad
The Third People
- The federal government specifically wanted to attract immigrants from SUR
- These locations have a similar climate and landscape to the _____🙏 region of Western Canada
- Therefore, 👩🏽🌾
The Third People
- The federal government specifically wanted to attract immigrants from Scandinavia, Ukraine and Russia
- These locations have a similar climate and landscape to the prairie region of Western Canada
- Therefore, immigrants from these places would know how to farm the land
The Third People
- _________ ________ (Minister of the Interior) was assigned the task of settling the _______ 🙏region of Western Canada
- From 1901 to 1921 the population of Western Canada grew from ___, 000 to 2 million
- The third people added a 📐
- People lived in Canada that were neither 🇫🇷🇬🇧🇮🇳
- The majority of the new immigrants lived in _________🪵
- 🙏🦍
- This area had previously been occupied by _______🔫 Indigenous groups who hunted 🦬
The Third People
- Clifford Sifton (Minister of the Interior) was assigned the task of settling the prairie region of Western Canada
- From 1901 to 1921 the population of Western Canada grew from 400, 000 to 2 million
- The third people added a new dimension to Canada’s population
- People lived in Canada that were neither a French nor British nor Indigenous background
- The majority of the new immigrants lived in homesteads
- The impact of the third people on the landscape of the prairies was enormous
- This area had previously been occupied by seminomadic(semi automatic)Indigenous groups who hunted buffalo
Evolution of Canada
- The British North America Act was passed on ____ ______
- This act united the ___ original colonies
what are they again?
Evolution of Canada
- The British North America Act was passed on July 1st, 1867
- This act united the four original colonies
Upper Canada (Ontario)
Lower Canada (Quebec_
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Evolution of Canada what is the order?
. M BP Y(AS)NN
My blood pressure young as nigger nuns?
Manitoba
British Columbia
Prince Edward Island
Yukon
Alberta and Saskatchewan
Newfoundland
Nunavut
5- Manitoba – 🇵🇹si
1870
6- British Columbia – 🧽
1871
-one year laterrrrr
- At this time the country only had 6 provinces and 1 territory
7- Prince Edward Island –
1873 (3 because PEI is 3 words)
T2- Yukon – 🐱☃️
1898
- 8.Alberta and 9. Saskatchewan – ⭐️
1905
10- Newfoundland – 🏈
1949
Sanfran 49ers
last tert- Nunavut – 🏒
1999 (99 wg)
After confederation there were frequent changes in the boundaries of provinces and territories
The biggest dispute was between ______ and _________ and over the
boundary of Labrador:
- This dispute was ended in 19__ by an impartial judicial court in ______
- It was determined that all land that drains into the ______ Ocean was given to 🐕 (which belonged to Newfoundland and was a _____ colony at the time)
- 🍟🚫💦🔋
After confederation there were frequent changes in the boundaries of provinces and territories
The biggest dispute was between Quebec and Newfoundland and over the boundary of Labrador:
- This dispute was ended in 1927(bonus q) by an impartial judicial court in England
- It was determined that all land that drains into the Atlantic Ocean was given to Labrador (which
belonged to Newfoundland and was a British colony at the time)
- Quebec has never formally accepted this ruling – this ruling is about hydropower
What did Canada look like in 1873?
What did Canada look like in 1905?
What did Canada look like in 1927?
- new border for Nunavit
- gave newfoundland more land from quebec
Regional Tension
- 🧑🏿🦱🔫 👮♀️
- The federal government has the __________ of seeking a balance between regional needs and demands
- 🥩🤢
- 🥊
- 🩹🎓🗣️🚌💰
- 🌉
- 🦬
- ON🧫+US> ON+Al
Regional Tension
- Tensions in Canada often arise among regions or between regions and the federal government
- The federal government has the challenge of seeking a balance between regional needs and demands
- Despite their efforts, it is rare for regions to be satisfied
- Provinces compete against each other for funding from the federal government
- Health care, education, social services, and transportation are expensive ministries and each of them are
provincial responsibilities
- Regions in Canada are separated by great distances making trade and commerce between them difficult
- Geography encourages some Canadian regions to better align with nearby areas of the United States
- Ontario is culturally closer to the U.S than to Alberta
Faultlines in Canada
1. C🪙
2. I🇮🇳
3. I🛬
4. FE
Faultlines in Canada
1. Centralist / Decentralist
2. Indigenous / Non-Indigenous
3. Immigration
4. French / English
- Centralist / Decentralist
- _______ dominance:
- O Q p + e dominance
- The ___ seats in the House of Commons are distributed by population
- Each ___________ ___ ________(MP) has a seat and each seat represents an _______ ______ that contains approximately 10_, 000 people
- When new seats are added to the House, they are given to the regions that are growing the ________
- Centralist / Decentralist
- Political dominance:
- Ontario and Quebec have political dominance over other regions
- They also have economic dominance
- The 338 seats in the House of Commons are distributed by population
- Each Member of Parliament (MP) has a seat and each seat represents an electoral riding that
contains approximately 105, 000 people
- When new seats are added to the House, they are given to the regions that are growing the fastest
- Centralist / Decentralist
What are the two Rules for Seats in the House of Commons - MP’s = senators
- MP’s = 1976
- In 19🏀 Quebec ________ was happening so this rule was set to ensure a ________ number of MP’s for Quebec
- Each province must have at least as many MP’s as it has senators
- This explains why PEI only 4 MP’s even though its population is only 140, 000 - Each province must have at least as many MP’s as it did in 1976
- In 1976 Quebec separatism was happening so this rule was set to ensure a minimum number of MP’s for Quebec
- Centralist / Decentralist
Western 👽 is an example of the centralist / decentralist faultline
- It is based on 🦄 provinces’ lack of _____ (whether real or perceived) to control their own _____
- Centralist / Decentralist
Western Alienation is an example of the centralist / decentralist faultline
- It is based on western provinces’ lack of power (whether real or perceived) to control their own destiny
- Centralist / Decentralist
The National Energy Program (1980-198_) is a good example of the West’s distrust of the federal government
- Energy prices 🌹 dramatically through the 19🎲0’s
- In the mid 1970’s the federal government agreed to match the _______ __________ _________ to the world oil price (which was very high at the time)
- This resulted in 🛢️💰🗻
- In 1980 the Liberal government (Pierre Trudeau) changed this with the initiation of the N🇨🇦 E⚡️ Program
- This program meant that the 👮♀️🚫🛢️🤦🏼♀️💰=🌎🛢️💰
- This was done to ensure a ______ cost of oil for Canadians and to redistribute the revenue from the oil industry to the federal government and other provinces
- Centralist / Decentralist
The National Energy Program (1980-1984) is a good example of the West’s distrust of the federal government
- Energy prices rose dramatically through the 1970’s
- In the mid 1970’s the federal government agreed to match the domestic oil price to the world
oil price (which was very high at the time)
- This resulted in huge oil revenues for Alberta
- In 1980 the Liberal government (Pierre Trudeau) changed this with the initiation of the National Energy Program
- This program meant that the federal government refused to continue to match the domestic oil price with the world oil price
- This was done to ensure a lower cost of oil for Canadians and to redistribute the revenue from the oil industry to the federal government and other provinces
- Technically resource development is a provincial power – but the Canadian government
overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta fell
- This resulted in a distrust of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 2006 or 2011
- When Justin Trudeau won the election in 2015, only 4/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
- Centralist / Decentralist
- Technically resource development is a ________ power – but the Canadian government overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta ___
- This resulted in a _____ of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 🇮🇹 or 20☝️☝️
- When ______ Trudeau won the election in 2015, only _/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
- Centralist / Decentralist
- Technically resource development is a provincial power – but the Canadian government overruled this
- As the federal government gained revenue from the resulting profits, the revenue to Alberta fell
- This resulted in a distrust of Liberal politicians by Alberta that is still evident today
- Alberta did not elect any Liberal MP’s in 1984, 1988, 2006 or 2011
- When Justin Trudeau won the election in 2015, only 4/34 ridings voted Liberal in Alberta
- Centralist / Decentralist
Equalization Payments
- These are payments from the ______ government to some provinces
- The objective of these is to ensure a relatively _______ standard of living among all Canadians
- Payments are only sent to provinces whose ability to raise their own revenue is _______ national standard
- Centralist / Decentralist
- Equalization Payments
- These are payments from the federal government to some provinces
- The objective of these is to ensure a relatively equal standard of living among all Canadians
- Payments are only sent to provinces whose ability to raise their own revenue is below national standard
- Centralist / Decentralist
- The media often refers to “have” or “have not” provinces
- Only “______” receive equalization payments
Have: 🗻B A S O N🚗
Have not: 👑
- Centralist / Decentralist
- The media often refers to “have” or “have not” provinces
- Only “have not” receive equalization payments
- Have: B A S O NL
- Have not: P NB M NS Q
Prince (PEI) Not brave (NB) Might (M) No Show (Nova Scotia) Quiz
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* The federal government has responsibility for matters relating to all Indigenous Peoples
o In the past, the federal government _________ _________ policies
o __________ was attempted by educating Indigenous children in boarding schools operated by _________ churches beginning in 19⛄️🦆
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* The federal government has responsibility for matters relating to all Indigenous Peoples
o In the past, the federal government advocated assimilation policies
o Assimilation was attempted by educating Indigenous children in boarding schools operated by Christian churches beginning in 1982
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous Residential Schools
o 🤐
o 🏀
o The whole process has been deemed a _______ mistake that caused harmful impacts to generations of Indigenous Peoples
o In 200⌛️, the federal government formally apologizes for the harm done to children at these schools
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous Residential Schools
o Children were removed from their families and not permitted to speak Indigenous languages
o In 1996 the last school closed
o The whole process has been deemed a colossal mistake that caused harmful impacts to generations of
Indigenous Peoples
o In 2008, the federal government formally apologizes for the harm done to children at these schools
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Current policies towards resolving issues related to Indigenous peoples:
o S🛖
o R👁️
o A🏳️🌈
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Current policies towards resolving issues related to Indigenous peoples:
o Settling outstanding land claims
o Recognizing Indigenous rights to self-government
o Accepting that the concerns of each Indigenous people (First Nations, Metis, Inuit) are different and
require specific solutions
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
First Nations: 🥁
o ✅
o 🌓
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
First Nations: people who may be members of a band who have signed a treaty
o They are entitled to certain rights from the federal government
o Approximately half of the First Nations people live on a reserve
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Metis: 🇫🇷🏴
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Metis: people of mixed ancestry, either French-Indigenous or England-Indigenous
M=mixed, E is hit for England and frEnch
t= plus
i=indigenous
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Inuit: 🪡 🚗🥶🥪
- Inuit regions of Canada:
o In _____ of these regions, over 🎱0% of the population is Inuit
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Inuit: descendants of the Thule people who live primarily in the
four main regions of the Arctic and Subarctic
🪡 (thule=thread=it looks like
* Inuit regions of Canada:
o In each of these regions, over 80% of the population is Inuit
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous rights
o ⛰️
o 🍪
§ 🔯
§ 🥁
o 🛄
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Indigenous rights
o Land rights are the most fundamental of the Indigenous
rights
o Treaties negotiated with the federal government set aside
reserves for the Indigenous peoples
§ There are over 600 reserves today in Canada(35% of Indigenous can live on a reserve )
§ Reserves are collectively managed by Indigenous
bands
o There are many outstanding claims today all across Canada awaiting resolution
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* 🌉
o 💸
o 🔋
o 📊se
§🪵
§🥶
- The Indigenous / Non-Indigenous Faultline
* Bridging the faultline
o Indigenous economic development is a major goal of the federal government
o The continued transfer of power from the federal government to Indigenous communities is necessary
o The economic and social well-being of reserves varies widely
§ Some are economically stable due to the natural resources or tourism
§ Many are (isolated) with extreme poverty and very little economic base
- The Immigration Faultline
* Immigration has historically been used as an instrument of 💩 power
* After the British Conquest of New 🇫🇷 in 1🎲⭐️🐱, the British government set
the 🛬policy
o 💣🇫🇷🗣️
- The Immigration Faultline
* Immigration has historically been used as an instrument of colonial power
* After the British Conquest of New France in 1759, the British government set the immigration policy
o Their objective was to offset the French speaking population by encouraging large scale immigration to
British North America
- The Immigration Faultline
* 🤞
* Immigration policies in the late 1800’s continued to reflect the ________
attitude that 🇬🇧🔝
o However, immigrants from other areas were still _________ due to a shortage of workers
o The __ Railway through the 🔌 was largely built by 15, 000 🇨🇳 labourers
* During the late 1800s and early 1900s, new immigrants were still expected to ______ to Canadian society
o ☹️🧑🏾🌾PP
- The Immigration Faultline
* After Confederation, Canada remained closely tied to the British Empire
* Immigration policies in the late 1800’s continued to reflect the imperialist attitude that British people were superior to people from other countries
o However, immigrants from other areas were still needed due to a shortage of workers
o The CP Railway through the Cordillera was largely built by 15, 000 Chinese labourers
* During the late 1800s and early 1900s, new immigrants were still expected to conform to Canadian society
o This resulted into a poor experience for the original farmers of the Prairie Provinces who were not of
British descent
- The Immigration Faultline
* The Red River Rebellion
o In 18😏 there was a clash between the federal government and the _____
§ At this time the Metis were led by 🇦🇱 💎
o This clash happened because the _____ _____ that the federal government developed to organize land in the West ignored existing ____ ___________
§ 😰
o The rebellion began when 🇦🇱 💎 placed his foot on a land ____________ chain and told ………
§ The Metis then took the control of the ___ headquarters
§ They also formed a __________ government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province
o Manitoba because a small province on July 15, 18__
§ 🔪
§ 🇦🇱 💎is known as the _____ ___ _________
o In their negotiations with the federal government, the Metis obtained their major demands: - The use of both _____ and ______ within the new provisional government
- Dual system PC
- The Immigration Faultline
* The Red River Rebellion
o In 1869 there was a clash between the federal government and the Metis
§ At this time the Metis were led by Louis Riel
o This clash happened because the survey system that the federal government developed to organize land in the West ignored existing Metis landholdings
§ The Metis feared for their rights to the land and their place in the new society
o The rebellion began when Louis Riel placed his foot on a land surveyor’s chain and told the surveyors to leave
§ The Metis then took the control of the HBC headquarters
§ They also formed a provisional(not off way of lead or organization) government to negotiate the terms to join Canada as a province
o Manitoba (P5) because a small province on July 15, 1870
§ This is the only province that joined through violence
§ Louis Riel is known as the Father of Manitoba
o In their negotiations with the federal government, the Metis obtained their major demands: - The use of both English and French within the new provisional government
- Dual system Protestant and Catholic Schools
- The Immigration Faultline
* The Northwest Rebellion
o This was a clash in 1🎱🎱✋ in ____🌾______ between the federal government and the M and FN people
o 🌊
o They then got the support of Riel (who was living in ____🍔____ at the time)
§💎✉️
§ 🚫👮🏻♂️
o In 1🎱🦈0, 🚫🛤️🦄💂🏿♀️
o But in ____ there was a railroad and an army could be sent out
§ An uprising began when an Indigenous group ambushed a NMP __________
§ This resulted in the deaths of __ officers and 6 Indigenous people
§ The Canadian Army then advanced on the area and pushed back again the ______ and _________ _________
§ 💎 and ⌛️IL 🪢
- The Immigration Faultline
* The Northwest Rebellion
o This was a clash in 1885 in Saskatchewan between the federal government and the Metis and First
Nations people
o Indigenous Peoples living in the area felt threatened by an advancing wave of settlers
o They then got the support of Riel (who was living in Montana at the time)
§ Riel then sent a petition to the federal government with demands
§ But this was ignored
o In 1870, there was no railroad out west so there was no way to get an army out of that area
o But in 1885 there was a railroad and an army could be sent out
§ An uprising began when an Indigenous group ambushed a Northwest Mounted Police contingent
§ This resulted in the deaths of 12 officers and 6 Indigenous people
§ The Canadian Army then advanced on the area and pushed back again the Metis and Indigenous
forces
§ Riel and 8 Indigenous leaders were executed by hanging
Newcomers to Manitoba
* From 18_0 to 1880, the ____ lost their _______ in _________ due to an influx of people from _______
* The influx was caused by:
o 🦫
o 🚜🌾
§ 💰
Newcomers to Manitoba
* From 1870 to 1880, the Metis lost their majority in Manitoba due to an influx of people from Ontario
* The influx was caused by:
o Ontario no longer having a surplus of agricultural land
o There were advances in machinery and rising prices for grain
§ This made wheat farming in Manitoba more profitable
Newcomers to Manitoba
* Doukhobors:
(exam)
Newcomers to Manitoba
communalists who did not believe in the individual ownership of land or government regulation
(Do? Uk hobors- they dont want to believe shit
some of the new settlers to the prarie region of Western Canada preferred to maintain theri own cultural traditions
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Communalists:
Exam
Newcomers to Manitoba
an advocate of communal living (sharing among a community)
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Some of the ____ _____ to the _____ ________ preferred to maintain their own cultural traditions
§ Many of the Doukhobors who moved to Canada had originally _____ to serve in the _________ army and were thus ________________
o The Doukhobors were granted :
—🧱
—🕊️
o Doukhobors refused to swear an ___ __ ________ to the King of ________
§ But in 190_, the new ________ of the IFO chose to enforce the Act
§ This act allowed the federal government to ____ the Doukhobors’ rights to the land
Newcomers to Manitoba
o Some of the new settlers to the Prairie Provinces preferred to maintain their own cultural traditions
§ Many of the Doukhobors who moved to Canada had originally refused to serve in the Russian
army and were thus persecuted by Russia
o The Doukhobors were granted
—blocks of land in Western Canada
—freedom from military service
o Doukhobors refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the King of England
§ But in 1905, the new Minister of the Interior Frank Oliver chose to enforce the Act
§ This act allowed the federal government to cancel the Doukhobors’ rights to the land
- The French / English Faultline
* The unity of Canada depends on 🇫🇷🏴🤞
- This faultline dates back 17⭐️🐱 with the 🇬🇧 Conquest of the French on the ______of _______
- Under the Treaty of Paris in 1___, France ceded New France to Britain
o This places _______ speaking people under the _______monarchy
- The French / English Faultline
* The unity of Canada depends on the continuation of the French and English relationship and the need tocompromise
* This faultline dates back 1759 with the British Conquest of the French on the Plains of Abraham
* Under the Treaty of Paris in 1763(brad marchand), France ceded New France to Britain
o This places French speaking people under the British monarchy
- The French / English Faultline
* The Quebec Act (1774)
o In this act, the British government gave the French three provisions:
1.➗
2.⛪️
3🇫🇷🗣️🚜
- The French / English Faultline
- Continuation of the seigneurial landholding system
o Seigneurial system: land was divided into long narrow strips that enabled each
landholder access to the St. Lawrence River (S=St …L=Lawrence …think of all letters between have access) - Guarantee of religious freedom
- Right to retain the French language
o This act was well received by French speaking people, many of whom lived in rural areas
o don’t worry about this year
- The French / English Faultline
* British Loyalists
o After the ____________, nearly _0, 000 British Loyalists settled in Canada
o As the amount of ______-speaking settlers in the Great Lakes – _________________ increased, they wanted more _____ over their own _________
§ This led to the _________ ______
- The French / English Faultline
* British Loyalists
o After the U.S revolution, nearly 40, 000 British Loyalists settled in Canada
o As the amount of English-speaking settlers in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands increased, they wanted more control over their own affairs
§ This led to the Constitutional Act
- The French / English Faultline
* The Constitutional Act (17🍁__)
o This act divided the British colony of _______ into the provinces of:
1-UC(now ______)
2 -LC (now _____)
§ The ____🦦___ ______ was the dividing line
o However, 😞 with small ______ groups that governed the two provinces and wanted a more ds with an ea
§ This caused ________ to break out and eventually led to the ____ __ ______
- The French / English Faultline
* The Constitutional Act (1791) (91 tavares)
o This act divided the British colony of Quebec into the provinces of:
1-Upper Canada (now Ontario) and
2-Lower Canada (now Quebec)
§ The Ottawa River was the dividing line
o However, many people became upset with the small elitist groups that governed the two provinces and
wanted a more democratic system with an elected assembly
§ This caused rebellions to break out and eventually led to the Act of Union
- The French / English Faultline
* The Act of Union (1🍣🌫️☂️)
o _________ send LD to investigate the ________ of the people and the reasons for the rebellions
§ _____ _______ suggested uniting the two provinces under ____ large government
§ This was in the _______ best interest because it would make the _____ a minority
§ The ____ ___ was known as the Province of Canada
- The French / English Faultline
* The Act of Union (1841)
o Britain send Lord Durham to investigate the grievances of the people and the reasons for the rebellions
§ Lord Durham suggested uniting the two provinces under one large government
§ This was in the British’s best interest because it would make the French a minority
§ The United Area (exam) known as the Province of Canada
- The French / English Faultline
In ____, the _______ government ended funding for
Catholic schools
o This happened even though when 👨🏾 became a province, it did so under the assurance of ____ ______ and the right to be ________ in _______ or Catholic schools
o Further, the proportion of____-________ in Manitoba increased steadily to become a large _______
o This act contributed to the ________ relationship between French and England in Canada and was particularly upsetting to _______
- The French / English Faultline
In 1890( Alexander Mogilny), the Manitoba government ended funding for Catholic schools
o This happened even though when Manitoba became a province, it did so under the assurance of language rights and the right to be educated in Protestant or Catholic schools
o Further, the proportion of Anglo-Protestants in Manitoba increased steadily to become a large majority
o This act contributed to the strained relationship between French and England in Canada and was particularly upsetting to Quebec
- The French / English Faultline
* The Quiet Revolution: a period in the 1___s characterized by the rebirth of _____ and _______ among French speaking residents of Quebec
o During this time, the idea that Quebec could ______ from Canada to form an ________ country started to gain ______
o The growth and revenue generated by _____-________ was a symbol of Quebec’s _______ _______
- The French / English Faultline
* The Quiet Revolution: a period in the 1960s characterized by the rebirth of pride and confidence among French speaking residents of Quebec
o During this time, the idea that Quebec could separate from Canada to form an independent country
started to gain strength
o The growth and revenue generated by Hydro-Quebec was a symbol of Quebec’s revitalized economy
- Quebec Separatism:
o This movement intensified when CdG (President of _____) visited Quebec in 19__ and proclaimed “v le Quebec l” which means “long live a free Quebec”
- Quebec Separatism:
o This movement intensified when Charles de Gaulle (President of France) visited Quebec in 1967 (last time leafs one)and proclaimed “vive le Quebec libre” which means “long live a free Quebec” (mont cheesed bc leafsone)
- Quebec Separatism: (exam)
o Two __________ on separation from Canada have been held in Quebec:
1.19🎱0: 🐚__% voted against separation
2.19🐱⭐️: 4.% voted against separation, 4.% voted for separation
o In 🇮🇹, Quebec was officially _________ by the federal government as a nation within Canada
§ Nation:
- Quebec Separatism:
o Two referendums on separation from Canada have been held in Quebec:
1.1980: 60% voted against separation
2.1995: 49.5% voted against separation, 48.7% voted for separation
o In 2006, Quebec was officially recognized by the federal government as a nation within Canada
§ Nation: a distinct cultural group
