w9 and 10 Flashcards
cause of dementia
neurological disorder, caused by progressive cell death
hallmarks of dementia
memory loss and effects on language functioning
define aphasia
language impairments
define apraxia
motor memory impairments
define agnosia
sensory memory impairments
what is needed to diagnose dementia
- memory impairment
- one of the a’s (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, abstract thinking impairments)
- impairment in social behaviour
- not explainable by another disorder
cause of degenerative dementias
genetic
cause of non degenerative dementias
a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse origin
example of cortical dementia
Alzheimer’s
example of subcortical dementia
Parkinson’s
cause of Parkinson’s
dopaminergic cell loss
examples of memory impairments
- difficulty learning new info
- info retrieval deficits
- personal episodic memory impairment
which memory is more commonly impaired
declarative rather than procedural
what are language deficits
- list generation deficits
- word-finding difficulties
- verbal fluency deficits
- less complex sentence structure
what are visual recognition impairments
trouble recognizing familiar faces
what are spatial deficits
getting lost in familiar surroundings
in Alzheimer’s, which brain area shows clearest evidence for cell loss
The entorhinal cortex (link between neocortex and hippocampus)
what are other affected areas in Alzheimer’s
limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex
which areas are spared in Alzheimer’s
primary sensory and motor areas
what are the 2 main categories of LTM
- implicit (non-declarative)
- explicit (declarative)
what is implicit memory
Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to
perform some act or behavior
what is explicit memory
Ability to recall what one knows, to detail the time,
place, and circumstances of events
2 types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic
3 types of implicit memory
procedural, priming, conditioning
what is procedural memory
Skills, how to perform certain action
how does procedural learning occur
slowly, and gradually
what is priming
Processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus- occurs rapidly
how are explicit vs implicit memories encoded differently
- Implicit information is processed in a “bottom-
up” or data-driven manner
– Information is encoded in the same way it was
perceived - Explicit information is processed in a “top-down”
or conceptually-driven manner
– The subject is able to reorganise the information
in what kind of learning does the person have a passive task
implicit tasks
what kind of memory is learned unintentionally
implicit
how is explicit memory retrieved
conscious recollection of prior experience
how is implicit memory retrieved
result of the test depends on previous experience, but not on awareness that memory is being used
what is amnesia
term for loss of memory
what is anterograde amnesia
forgets everything new after few minutes
what does the medial temporal region include
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Entorhinal cortex
- Parahippocampal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
which are the prime structures for explicit memory
- medial temporal region
- frontal cortex
- reciprocal connections between frontal and temporal regions
what is double dissociation
only one of implicit or explicit memory are impaired
which brain areas are involved in implicit memory
– Basal Ganglia
– Ventral Thalamus
– Substantia Nigra
– Premotor Cortex
what is semantic memory
Semantic memory is a person’s knowledge about the world
what is episodic memory
recollection of where and when events happened in one’s own life
what is double dissociation
when someone loses their episodic memory but not their semantic memory
why do we separate episodic and semantic memory
- Theoretically different
- Double dissociation
what is consolidation
Consolidation is a process lasting for several hours which fixes information in LTM
when are memory traces most vulnerable
shortly after learning
what are the 2 stages of consolidation according to cognitive neuroscience
- temporary storage in hippocampus (necessary to create memory trace, but not sufficient for consolidated
memories) - then transfer to cortex, involvement of distributed
involvement of several areas
what is a bilingual
individual who has the mental representation (knowledge) of more than one language
what is a native bilingual
those that have two native languages
what are the 2 ways cross-language competition in speech planning is resolved
- Bilinguals develop skill in selectively attending to the critical information that signals language status
- Bilinguals learn to inhibit irrelevant information once it has been activated
what development does experience in managing 2 languages promote
control over attention and inhibition
what can bilingualism delay
the onset of dementia
what are the neural differences in bilinguals during conflict monitoring
bilinguals activated a lesser portion of the anterior cingulate cortex
what are semantic networks
Network of unitary nodes (no internal
structure) and labelled links between them
what is Broca’s aphasia
– Comprehension is relatively preserved
– Deficits in producing language
what is Wernicke’s aphasia
– Comprehension generally impaired
– Produce fluent but meaningless
speech
