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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > w9 and 10 > Flashcards

w9 and 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

cause of dementia

A

neurological disorder, caused by progressive cell death

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2
Q

hallmarks of dementia

A

memory loss and effects on language functioning

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3
Q

define aphasia

A

language impairments

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4
Q

define apraxia

A

motor memory impairments

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5
Q

define agnosia

A

sensory memory impairments

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6
Q

what is needed to diagnose dementia

A
  • memory impairment
  • one of the a’s (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, abstract thinking impairments)
  • impairment in social behaviour
  • not explainable by another disorder
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7
Q

cause of degenerative dementias

A

genetic

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8
Q

cause of non degenerative dementias

A

a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse origin

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9
Q

example of cortical dementia

A

Alzheimer’s

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10
Q

example of subcortical dementia

A

Parkinson’s

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11
Q

cause of Parkinson’s

A

dopaminergic cell loss

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12
Q

examples of memory impairments

A
  • difficulty learning new info
  • info retrieval deficits
  • personal episodic memory impairment
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13
Q

which memory is more commonly impaired

A

declarative rather than procedural

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14
Q

what are language deficits

A
  • list generation deficits
  • word-finding difficulties
  • verbal fluency deficits
  • less complex sentence structure
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15
Q

what are visual recognition impairments

A

trouble recognizing familiar faces

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16
Q

what are spatial deficits

A

getting lost in familiar surroundings

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17
Q

in Alzheimer’s, which brain area shows clearest evidence for cell loss

A

The entorhinal cortex (link between neocortex and hippocampus)

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18
Q

what are other affected areas in Alzheimer’s

A

limbic cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex

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19
Q

which areas are spared in Alzheimer’s

A

primary sensory and motor areas

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20
Q

what are the 2 main categories of LTM

A
  • implicit (non-declarative)
  • explicit (declarative)
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21
Q

what is implicit memory

A

Ability to recall a movement sequence or how to
perform some act or behavior

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22
Q

what is explicit memory

A

Ability to recall what one knows, to detail the time,
place, and circumstances of events

23
Q

2 types of explicit memory

A

semantic and episodic

24
Q

3 types of implicit memory

A

procedural, priming, conditioning

25
Q

what is procedural memory

A

Skills, how to perform certain action

26
Q

how does procedural learning occur

A

slowly, and gradually

27
Q

what is priming

A

Processing a stimulus is influenced by prior encounter with the same or a related stimulus- occurs rapidly

28
Q

how are explicit vs implicit memories encoded differently

A
  • Implicit information is processed in a “bottom-
    up” or data-driven manner
    – Information is encoded in the same way it was
    perceived
  • Explicit information is processed in a “top-down”
    or conceptually-driven manner
    – The subject is able to reorganise the information
29
Q

in what kind of learning does the person have a passive task

A

implicit tasks

30
Q

what kind of memory is learned unintentionally

A

implicit

31
Q

how is explicit memory retrieved

A

conscious recollection of prior experience

32
Q

how is implicit memory retrieved

A

result of the test depends on previous experience, but not on awareness that memory is being used

33
Q

what is amnesia

A

term for loss of memory

34
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

forgets everything new after few minutes

35
Q

what does the medial temporal region include

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Parahippocampal cortex
  • Perirhinal cortex
36
Q

which are the prime structures for explicit memory

A
  • medial temporal region
  • frontal cortex
  • reciprocal connections between frontal and temporal regions
37
Q

what is double dissociation

A

only one of implicit or explicit memory are impaired

38
Q

which brain areas are involved in implicit memory

A

– Basal Ganglia
– Ventral Thalamus
– Substantia Nigra
– Premotor Cortex

39
Q

what is semantic memory

A

Semantic memory is a person’s knowledge about the world

40
Q

what is episodic memory

A

recollection of where and when events happened in one’s own life

41
Q

what is double dissociation

A

when someone loses their episodic memory but not their semantic memory

42
Q

why do we separate episodic and semantic memory

A
  • Theoretically different
  • Double dissociation
43
Q

what is consolidation

A

Consolidation is a process lasting for several hours which fixes information in LTM

44
Q

when are memory traces most vulnerable

A

shortly after learning

45
Q

what are the 2 stages of consolidation according to cognitive neuroscience

A
  1. temporary storage in hippocampus (necessary to create memory trace, but not sufficient for consolidated
    memories)
  2. then transfer to cortex, involvement of distributed
    involvement of several areas
46
Q

what is a bilingual

A

individual who has the mental representation (knowledge) of more than one language

47
Q

what is a native bilingual

A

those that have two native languages

48
Q

what are the 2 ways cross-language competition in speech planning is resolved

A
  1. Bilinguals develop skill in selectively attending to the critical information that signals language status
  2. Bilinguals learn to inhibit irrelevant information once it has been activated
49
Q

what development does experience in managing 2 languages promote

A

control over attention and inhibition

50
Q

what can bilingualism delay

A

the onset of dementia

51
Q

what are the neural differences in bilinguals during conflict monitoring

A

bilinguals activated a lesser portion of the anterior cingulate cortex

52
Q

what are semantic networks

A

Network of unitary nodes (no internal
structure) and labelled links between them

53
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia

A

– Comprehension is relatively preserved
– Deficits in producing language

54
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia

A

– Comprehension generally impaired
– Produce fluent but meaningless
speech

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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