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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > w7 > Flashcards

w7 Flashcards

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1
Q

define everyday memory

A

Memory phenomena people
experience in normal life

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2
Q

what is autobiographical memory

A

memory for events in one’s own life

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3
Q

what is most important for us to measure memory

A

Content more important than accuracy

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4
Q

what does autobiographical memory relate to in traditional memory research

A

episodic memory and semantic memory

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5
Q

what is a schema

A

integrated knowledge structure for things which captures commonly encountered aspects of life

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6
Q

what do schemas allow us to do

A
  • Allows us to form expectations.
  • Helps us to draw inferences
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7
Q

what is memory

A

interaction between event and our own pre-
existing schemata

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8
Q

schema-relevant

A

better memory than schema-irrelevant

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9
Q

schema-congruent

A

schema can provide retrieval cues

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10
Q

schema incongruent

A

elaboration, attracted attention

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11
Q

schema irrelevant

A

no good memory

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12
Q

downside of schemas

A
  • schema’s are packets of knowledge which can distort our memory
  • produce a coherent (but not necessarily accurate) story.
  • rationalisations: making it in line with own (cultural) expectations
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13
Q

what is childhood amnesia

A

Almost total lack of autobiographical memories from first 3 yrs of life

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14
Q

how does Freud explain childhood amnesia

A

Repression of sexual feelings towards parents

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15
Q

neurological explanation for childhood amnesia

A

hippocampus and frontal lobes are still developing

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16
Q

how do schemas impact childhood amnesia

A

Underdeveloped schema’s / semantic memory could cause it

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17
Q

what does the emergent cognitive self mean

A

child may only recognise themself as a unique and individual entity at 18 months

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18
Q

what is the reminiscence bump

A

Lots of memories from age 15-25

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19
Q

neurological explanation for reminiscence bump

A

brain peak- neither maturing nor declining

20
Q

identity formation view of reminiscence bump

A

this is a time of decisions which shape the future, we create a life script and a sense of adult identity

21
Q

what is a life script

A

coherent, integrated account of who we are and how we became like this

22
Q

cognitive account of reminiscence bump

A

primacy effect- better memory for first time events, less
proactive interference

23
Q

how do we describe the accuracy of autobiographical memory

A

Truthful to the gist of actual experiences.
Tendency to place ourselves centre-stage
Tendency for favourable view of present self
Tendency to create a coherent memory

24
Q

what does it mean that we have a tendency to create a coherent memory

A

memory which consists with our current goals and beliefs

25
Q

what are flashbulb memories

A

highly detailed and vivid memories for surprising
events that are relatively resistant to forgetting

26
Q

is witness confidence a good predictor of accuracy of EWT

A

no

27
Q

how does race impact EWT

A

Cross-racial identification harder than inter-racial

28
Q

what is the expertise hypothesis

A

cross-racial identification is difficult as we have more experience distinguishing faces of same race

29
Q

what is the social-cognitive hypothesis

A

more thorough facial processing of faces of the in-
group compared to the out-group

30
Q

what factors affect EWT at perceptual stage

A

darkness, distance, duration, lighting

31
Q

what factors affect EWT at encoding stage

A

stress, violence

32
Q

what factors affect EWT at storage stage

A

time (decay, interference)

33
Q

what factors affect EWT at retrieval stage

A

Questioning, expectations, misrememberings

34
Q

what is confirmation bias

A

You remember what you expect to see

35
Q

what is the effect of violence crime on memory

A

Memory for central aspects of a violent event better
than a non-violent event, but worse memory for
peripheral aspects

36
Q

what is weapon focus effect

A

the unexpectedness of the weapon in the context leads to better remembering

37
Q

the forgetting curve is Ebbinghausen in nature, meaning…

A

sharp drop within 20 mins., continued forgetting until
leveling out 2 days after event

38
Q

source misinformation says

A

Source of post-event information memory trace is
wrongly attributed to the original event

39
Q

vacant memory slot says

A

Misinformation more likely to be accepted if original
correct info did not get stored

40
Q

memory coexistence says

A

both original and misleading info remembered, but misleading is more recent- obscures other memory trace

41
Q

why does the CI recreate the environment

A

Principle of encoding specificity and mood
congruency- act as retrieval cues

42
Q

why does CI say to report everything

A

may lead to someone remembering important cue to trigger more info

43
Q

why does CI say to report things in a different order

A

Different retrieval pathways to same piece of info.
Different starting points can lead to different details.

44
Q

why does CI say to report events from someone else’s perspective

A

perspective provides a schematic structure for retrieval,
can make some info more salient

45
Q

why do we not interrupt someone mid CI

A

Disrupts natural retrieval process.
cf. part-set cueing effect: giving partial information inhibits recall

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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