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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > w5 > Flashcards

w5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are executive functions needed for

A

to optimise performance in situations that require coordination between several cognitive processes

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2
Q

executive functions are supervisory/meta-cognitive, meaning…

A

they are not specific to one domain

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3
Q

what type of behaviour required executive functions

A

controlled behaviour, but not automatic behaviours

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4
Q

which brain area is linked to executive functions

A

prefrontal cortex

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5
Q

3 surfaces of the prefrontal cortex

A

lateral, medial and orbital

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6
Q

the lateral surface is implicated in…

A

cold control processes- cognitive aspects

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7
Q

the orbital and the medial surfaces are implicated in…

A

hot control processes- emotional/social regulation of behaviour

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8
Q

what are the 5 general situations requiring executive functions

A

(1) Situations involving planning or decision making
(2) Situations involving error correction or trouble-shooting
(3) Situations where responses are not well-learned or contain novel sequences of actions
(4) Situations judged to be dangerous or technically difficult
(5) Situations that require the overcoming of a strong habitual response or resisting temptation

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9
Q

which area is particularly activated when healthy patients carry out the towers of London task

A

PFC (especially dorsolateral)

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10
Q

what do patients with PFC damage do

A

exhibit perseveration behaviour

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11
Q

what is preservation behaviour

A

keep responding using a previously correct response

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12
Q

what is the PFC involved in

A

error correction and troubleshooting

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13
Q

what area is activated more when feedback is negative, and what does this suggest

A

Ventrolateral PFC, suggests involvement of this region when there is a need to change the rule

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14
Q

what is the role of the anterior cingulate in executive functions

A

Detection of errors and detection of response conflict

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15
Q

where does an error potential originate

A

the anterior cingulate

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16
Q

what does Petrides’ (2000) Theory
of Working Memory assume

A

division of PFC into at least two separate
processes – maintenance (retention) and manipulation
(updating)

17
Q

patents with PFC damage are impaired at

A

self-ordered pointing task

18
Q

role of ventrolateral PFC

A

Short-term maintenance of spatial
information

19
Q

real of dorsolateral PFC

A

maintenance and updating with new locations

20
Q

what is the left dorsolateral PFC involved in

A

selecting a range of
plausible responses and free will

21
Q

what is the right dorsolateral PFC involved in

A

monitoring and sustained
attention

22
Q

when is right dorsolateral PFC most active

A

in conditions of uncertainty

23
Q

what do unitary accounts argue

A

there are no ‘executive functions’, just one
general underlying function

24
Q

evidence for unitary accounts

A

patients’ performance on many tests of executive function are correlated with each other, and with fluid intelligence

25
Q

why would we say that any area of the PFC could carry out any executive functions when necessary

A

Single-cell recording of PFC neurons in monkeys show that they change their responsiveness flexibly according to task demands

26
Q

what is the multiple demand network

A

single set of fronto-parietal brain regions that is
active during all tasks that we consider to involve executive functions

27
Q

what does the multiple-demand network do to complex tasks

A

divides complex tasks into a sequence of “attentional episodes”

28
Q

what are attentional episodes

A

the ability to break down a complex task into smaller less complex segments

29
Q

what do patients with more lesions in their multiple demand system show

A

a greater deficit in fluid intelligence

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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