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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > w8 > Flashcards

w8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the law of repetition

A

More (maintenance) rehearsal- better retention

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2
Q

what is encoding/acquisition

A
  • Transformation from perceptual representations into
    cognitive/attentional focus
  • Attention to select between what is relevant and what is left out
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3
Q

what is storage/maintenance

A

how information is kept in the focus of attention (STM) or in long term storage (LTM)

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4
Q

what is retrieval

A

Bringing back into focus of attention

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5
Q

3 elements of the MSM

A

sensory memory, STM, LTM

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6
Q

what does the sensory store do when there are intermittent blanks

A

Fills in the blanks

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7
Q

what is the function of the sensory store

A

To keep sensory information in mind so we can attend to it

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8
Q

iconic memory –

A

vision

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9
Q

echoic memory-

A

hearing

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10
Q

haptic memory-

A

touch

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11
Q

olfactory memory-

A

smell

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12
Q

gustatory memory-

A

taste

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13
Q

does info in the sensory store need attention

A

no

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14
Q

info in the sensory memory is pre-categorical, meaning…

A

it is not yet interpreted

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15
Q

what did Sperling conclude about the capacity of iconic memory

A

Large amount held in iconic memory (perhaps anything entering the visual system

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16
Q

what did Sperling conclude about the duration of iconic memory

A

After about 250-500 ms, performance approached full-report condition

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17
Q

function of STM

A

Conscious processing of information

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18
Q

why is attention so important for STM

A

Limits what info comes under the spotlight of short-term memory at any given time

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19
Q

what is the capacity of STM

A

Magical number 7±2

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20
Q

how can capacity of STM be increased

A

chunking

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21
Q

define chunking

A

repackaging of material into conceptual unit

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22
Q

what does chunking require

A

requires recoding (strategy from LTM)

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23
Q

issue with magical number 7±2

A

many studies show drop off after 4 items, original experiment allowed for chunking

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24
Q

what is Stenberg’s slope

A

People scan STM in a serial exhaustive fashion (don’t stop even if a match is found)- the scan rate is about 38 ms per item

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25
Q

what has STM from MSM been replaced by

A

WMM

26
Q

what is the duration of the STM

A

If not rehearsed, info is lost within ± 15-20 sec

27
Q

define rehearsal

A

the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information

28
Q

what is retroactive forgetting

A

new learning interferes with old memory

29
Q

what is proactive forgetting

A

old learning interferes with new memory

30
Q

what makes interference more likely

A
  • stimuli similar
  • learning of large volumes of info
  • learning material close together in time
  • learning in the same context
31
Q

function of the LTM

A

Organises and stores information

32
Q

capacity of LTM

A

unlimited

33
Q

duration of LTM

A

permanent

34
Q

what does WMM say STM is

A

A “mental workspace” which is the basis for thought

35
Q

what is the central executive

A

-modality-free
-central pool of mental resources
-control & decision processes
(cf. attention)
-no real storage

36
Q

what is the phonological loop

A

-”inner ear & voice”
-verbal rehearsal
-info = speech-based

37
Q

what is the episodic buffer

A

-holds and integrates diverse information

38
Q

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

-”inner eye”
-spatial and/or visual coding

39
Q

what is the evidence for the phonological loop

A

Phonological similarity effect
Word length effect
Unattended speech effect
Articulatory suppression effect

40
Q

what is the phonological similarity effect

A

errors more likely to be phonologically similar to correct item, more likely to misremember if items sound similar

41
Q

what is the word length effect

A

The memory span for short words is greater than for long words

42
Q

what is the unattended speech effect

A

Performance impaired if other verbal material needs to be ignored

43
Q

what is articulatory suppression

A

when we prevent rehearsal by articulation of other information

44
Q

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A

A system for setting up and manipulating images and spatial movement

45
Q

2 components of the visuospatial sketchpad are:

A

visual cache: visual information about shape & colour (the “what”)
inner scribe: spatial & movement information (the “where”)

46
Q

function of the visuospatial sketchpad

A

construction, maintenance, manipulation of mental images

47
Q

what is the central executive

A

an attentional system which can maintain task goals and goal-related information and use this to direct / bias your processing

48
Q

does CE have storage

A

no

49
Q

roles of the CE

A

Directing attention to task, updating of task at hand
Switching/shifting between strategies
Selective attention & inhibition

50
Q

location of CE

A

prefrontal cortex

51
Q

what is dysexecutive syndrome

A

Disruption of CE due to frontal lobe damage

52
Q

define catatonia

A

remain motionless and speechless for hours due to inability to initiate schemas

53
Q

perseverance is

A

inability to sort by value

54
Q

utilisation behaviour is

A

automatic responding to cues in environment- failure to focus attention

55
Q

what do people with Alzheimer’s struggle to do

A

distribute attention between two tasks

56
Q

what can the episodic buffer do

A

integrate information into single complex structure (episode)

57
Q

coding of episodic buffer

A

multidimensional

58
Q

capacity of episodic buffer

A

4 pieces/chunks of info in multidimensional code

59
Q

episodic buffer assists in binding, which is…

A

integrating information about location, colour, size, etc. of objects and scenes

60
Q
A

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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