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PSYC20009 > W7: Relationships > Flashcards

W7: Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Relationship overview

A

Attraction
Liking
Relationship formation

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2
Q

Relationships: definitions and types

Need to belong/affiliation (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)

A

Seeking connectedness

fundamental human need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships:

1) Early in development, children try to affiliate and form bonds with others
2) People readily form social attachments under a range of conditions and resist the dissolution of relationships

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3
Q

Relationship and

Kinds of relationships (3)

A

Relationship: an association between two or more people (interpersonal rs: between 2 ppl)

Kinds of relationships:
Family, friend, romantic partner, colleague …
Dimension: Close - distant

One way of classifying:
patterns of exchange between relationship partners
according to which relationship partners exchange rewards and punishments

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4
Q 
Relational Models Theory 
Alan Fiske (1992)
A

1) Different RS are governed by different rules of interaction/’exchange’
2) Four ‘relational models’ patterns of exchange used to think abt RS

Model:

1) Communal Sharing (CS)
2) Authority Ranking (AR)
3) Equality Matching (EM)
4) Market Pricing (MP)

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5
Q 
Relational Models Theory 
Dominant exchge rule and related concept
Model:
1) Communal Sharing (CS)
2) Authority Ranking (AR)
3) Equality Matching (EM)
4) Market Pricing (MP)
A

1) Communal Sharing (CS)
Each according to need
Care – family

2) Authority Ranking (AR)
Superior decide for subordinates
REspect - military

3) Equality Matching (EM)
Equal proportions/direct reciprocity
Equality -peers

4) Market Pricing (MP)
Benefits proportional to cost
Equity – business

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6
Q

Relational Models Theory

Clarifications

A

Many relationships are mixed-model:

1) Romantic partner: mostly CS, but EM concerns sometimes creep in
2) Parent-child: CS and AR

Different stages of the same relationship can be characterized by different exchange rules
E.g., some may begin as EM and move towards CS

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7
Q

Relational models theory covers other classification schemes

A

1) Walster et al., (1978): equity theory (MP and EM)

2) Clark & Mills (1979): communal (CS) vs exchange (EM)

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8
Q

Relationship formation:

attraction and liking

A

Attraction: desire for a voluntary relationship

Liking: positive evaluation of an object (here another person)

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9
Q

Factors that influence attraction and liking (3; PSP)

A

Physical attractiveness

Similarity

Positive interaction:
Proximity, familiarity and mimicry

S16
Affect each other, all linked to liking and liking links back

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10
Q

Factors that influence attraction and liking:

Physical attractiveness

A

We like those who are physically attractive

Characteristics viewed as physically attractive vary across cultures and time periods

Effects of physical attractiveness:
Stereotype that physically attractive people are warm, friendly, …

Can become self-fulfilling

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11
Q

Physical attractiveness Contributes to self-fulfilling prophecy:
Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid (1977)

A

Men and women have a ‘getting acquainted’
phone conversation

Men who believed that they were talking to
attractive woman -> more sociable, sexually warm,
interesting, humorous…
->women to reciprocate

=> This increased mutual liking

Stereotype influences men’s behavior, -> influences women’s behaviour, -> reinforce the stereotype.

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12
Q

Factors that influence attraction and liking:
Similarity:
Condon & Crano (1998)

A

Similarity increases liking (similarity-attraction principle):
looks, attitudes, personality, activities…

Reasons:
encourages positive interaction over common interests, etc.

Validate our beliefs and attitudes (positive reinforcement)

We assume similar others like us: inferred reciprocal attraction (we also like ppl tt like us)

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13
Q 
Factors that influence attraction and liking:
Positive interaction (Proximity)

Festinger, Schachter & Back (1950)

A

tend to like the people we frequently interact with
(proximity or propinquity)

63% of friends lived within 2 apartments

Why? 
Proximity increases:
Frequency of + interaction
Familiarity 
Similar people may live/work near each other

Internet -> leading to an emphasis on ‘psychological’ over ‘geographical’ proximity

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14
Q 
Factors that influence attraction and liking:
Positive interaction (familiarity)

Moreland & Beach (1992)

A

Details:
Similar looking women:
Attend a class:
0, 5, 10 or 15 times during a semester

attractiveness increase as attendance increases

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15
Q 
Factors that influence attraction and liking:
Positive interaction (mimicry)

Chartrand & Bargh, 1999

A

Ftf interaction -> possibility of non-verbal processes to impact liking

Non conscious mimicry:
- Participants interacted with face-rubbing or foot-shaking confederates
- Participants non-consciously mimicked
confederates’ actions

Mimicry increases liking

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16
Q

Building close relationships:

Self Disclosure

A

Process of revealing information about the self

As a relationship develops self-disclosure increases in:

1) Breadth: more topics
2) Depth: level of intimacy

17
Q

Self-disclosure can deepen and strengthen relationships because:
S19

A

1) Self-disclosure increases liking:
mutual self-disclosure increase perceived similarity
!!depth needs to be calibrated to relationship stage
Wortman et al (1976)

2) Signals trust in relationship partner (eg: via vulnerability)

3) Better enables behavioural coordination:
Working towards common goals is easier when relationship partners know about each others’ preferences and abilities

18
Q

Variabilities in who discloses
Gender & culture
Reis (1986)
Schug et al (2010)

A

Woman > man
Especially regarding feelings and emotions
Reis (1986)

individualistic > collectivist cultures: Partly because of relational mobility
Schug et al (2010)

Relational Mobility:
how much freedom and opportunity a society or social context affords individuals to choose and dispose of interpersonal relationships based on personal preference

19
Q

Interdependence and close relationships

S21

A

Increasing interdependence

Close relationship: A relationship involving strong, frequent interdependence

1) Cognitive, behavioural and affective
2) Not defined in terms of positive feelings

20
Q

Cognitive interdependence:
(Aron et 1992)

Smith, Coats and Walling (1999)

A

1) Self-other representations overlap
Intertwining of concepts of self and partner
Inclusion of Other in Self (IOS)(Aron et 1992)

Smith, Coats and Walling (1999)
Describe themselves and partners: Rate closeness with IOS

RT task: classify traits as partner-descriptive (yes/no)

Correlated with reported closeness

21
Q

Affective interdependence:

Intimacy:

A

positive emotional bond that includes understanding and support

With increasing closeness, relationships move beyond mere reciprocal disclosure to deeper relations of

1) Acknowledgment
2) Acceptance/understanding
3) Emotional responsiveness
4) Increasing sensitivity and care

Affective interdependence is a primary base of important social support functions

22
Q

Commitment

Definition and char

A

Long-term orientation towards a relationship, with the intention to maintain it over time and foster lasting strong emotional bond to partner

Commitment develops over time

This allows partners to trust that the other will be there: Projects interdependence into the future

23
Q 
Rusbult’s (1980) Investment Model of Commitment 
1) Satisfaction level
2) Quality of alternatives
3) Investment size
S27
A

Satisfaction level: recognition of net cognitive, affective and behavioural benefits provided

Quality of alternatives: desirability of alternatives to relationship

Investment size: resources put into the relationship (time, money, emo energy…)

+satisfaction +investment with fewer viable alternatives increases commitment.

24
Q

Satisfaction ≠ Commitment
commitment is more than just satisfaction
Rusbult & Martz (1995)

A

Investigated:
Abusive relationships

More likely to be committed to, thus stay with partners if fewer viable alternatives and higher investment

Satisfaction had less impact

25
Q 
Components of love 
Sternberg’s (1986) 
3
Intimacy
Commitment
Passion
A

Sternberg’s (1986) triangular theory of love

Intimacy:
feeling close, connected, bonded and interdependent

Commitment:
longer term orientation to relationship

Passion:
physical and sexual attraction, intensity of emotional connection

26
Q

Kinds of love
S32
(7)

A 
Love triangle 
 Love                        I    C    P
nonlove                   -     -    -     
Liking                      +     -    -   
Infaturated              -     +    -  
Romantic                +     +    -  
Companionate       +     -    +  
Fatuous                   -     +   + 
Consumate             +    +    +
27
Q

Relationship threat

External and Internal

A

External

1) Financial strain
2) Gender roles (expectations)
3) Rivals

Internal

1) Illness
2) Change/mismatch in preferences/expectations

28
Q

Baxter’s (1986) relationship rules

If parties are in a close relationship,
then they should
8

A

Female > male
1) Autonomy:
live beyond rs
2) Openness:
be open, genuine and authentic w partner
3) Equity:
reap rewards proportionate with their investments

male > female
4) Romance:
experience a mysterious and inexplicable ‘magic’

Both
5)Similarity display: 
similar attitudes, beliefs, values and interests
6)Supportiveness: 
enhance self worth and self esteem
7)Loyalty/Fidelity: 
remain loyal and faithful
8)Shared time: 
substantial shared time together
29
Q

Managing conflicts
Accommodation:
2 processes of responding to a negative action by the partner

A

Destructive accommodation

  1. Criticism
  2. Contempt
  3. Defensiveness
  4. Stonewalling

Constructive accommodation

  1. Open discussion
  2. Patience
  3. Forgiveness
30
Q

Consequences of accommodation strategies:
Rusbult et al (1991)
S37

A

Constructive vs destructive

Active vs passive

31
Q

Constructive accommodation is aided by:

3

A

Commitment

Idealization of partner

Implicit theories:
beliefs about how the world works

32
Q

Implicit theories: related to fostering constructive accommodation

A

Growth vs Destiny theories about relationships (Knee and colleagues):
Growth beliefs foster constructive accommodation

Incremental vs Entity theories of personality:
Kammrath & Dweck (2006)
Incremental theories foster active, entity theories, passive, processes

33
Q

Importance of RS

A

Relationships and well-being

The costs of loneliness

34
Q

Relationships and well-being

Holt-Lunstad et al (2010)

A

Close relationships provide us with social support:
Emotional and physical coping resources provided by people

Social support is associated with great psychological and physical well-being:
Effects on mortality risk are comparable to other significant factors like smoking/alcohol…

35
Q

The costs of loneliness

A

Negative feelings arsing from unmet needs for affection and self-validation (more of a sense of isolation)

Loneliness increases risk of negative health conditions, cognitive decline and impaired executive functioning

36
Q

Loneliness: processes and interventions

Cognitive-behavioural loop
Cacioppo & Hawkley (2009)
S41

A

Exacerbated if internal, dispositional attributions are made
if one attributes loneliness to
inherent shyness or unattractiveness

Interventions targeting this maladaptive loop are most effective (Masi et al., 2011)
E.g., psychological reframing targeting attributions

PSYC20009 (13 decks)

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