W5a: Intragrp Processes

Question 1

Intragroup processes

Answer 1

Social grps influencing an individual

Question 2

What is a Social group

Answer 2

> = 2 ppl who share some common char/goal tt is socially meaningful to themselves or for others.

defer w. regard 2 how much interaction/interdependence exists betw. members

Question 3

interdependence

Answer 3

extent which each grp mem’s tots, feelings and actions impact others:
Task (mastery, performance of collective tasks) and Social (feelings of connectedness, respect, acceptance) interdependence

Question 4

types of groups

Answer 4

1) Primary/ intimacy grps
social interdependance (family, friends... )

2) 2ndary/task grps
most concern w. task interdependence (but can be affected by social) (work… )

Question 5

group formation is … …

Tuckman (1965)

Answer 5

Typical stages of efforts to coordinate task and social interdependence (can start from any stage?)

Stages:
• Forming
• Storming
• Norming
• Performing 
• Adjourning

Question 6

Tuckman (1965) stages of grp formation:

Forming

Answer 6

1) Individuals form group
2) Members try to understand the nature of interdependence, group structure, goals
3) facilitated by group leader (can articulate the above)

Question 7

Tuckman (1965) stages of grp formation:

Storming

Answer 7

after formation: negotiation occurs around roles and responsibilities

Conflicts (storm):
Relationship conflict – clashing personalities
Task conflict – different views on content, structure and goals
Process conflict – different views on strategies and tactics

Question 8

Conflict can impact later performance and commitment (de Wit et al., 2012)

Answer 8

Relationship and process conflict decrease performance

Task conflict can increase performance

Question 9

Tuckman (1965) stages of grp formation:

Norming

Answer 9

Once (if) conflict decreases, group norms emerge

Norming is characterised by consensus, harmony, stability, commitment and cohesion and the development of a group-related social identity:

1) Disagreements to consensual norms
2) sense of trust and liking
3) Commitment to group is high

Question 10

Tuckman (1965) stages of grp formation:

Performing

Answer 10

Members cooperate to solve problems, make decisions, or produce outputs:
• Exchange of information
• Productive resolution of disagreements
• Continued commitment to group goals

Question 11

Tuckman (1965) stages of grp formation:

Adjourning

Answer 11

Dissolution of group:
• Group has fulfilled purpose /set to end at a particular time

• Often marked by period of evaluating work, sharing feelings about group
• Dissolution of group can be stressful if it is important identity for members

Question 12

Group socialization: changes

Answer 12

Group socialization: cognitive, affective and behavioural changes that occur as ppl join/leave grp

Question 13

Group socialization:

Moreland and Levine (1988)

Answer 13

Mutual processes:
• Investigation: potential member and grp seeks information about each other

• Socialization: group tries to mold the individual into one of them; member acquires and internalizes group knowledge, adopts norms, becomes committed, form identity
• Maintenance: now a fully committed member, the individual takes on a specific role within the group

Question 14

Effects of grp on individual:
Social facilitation
The presence of others can increase … …

dominant responses … …

Answer 14

The presence of others can increase arousal:
• Evaluation apprehension
• Distraction

Increased arousal can lead to better performance for well-rehearsed, accessible responses (‘dominant responses’), but worse performance novel, complex, inaccessible responses (‘nondominant responses)

Question 15

• Triplett (1898) on social facilitation

Answer 15

• Presence of other improved task performance

Question 16

Markus (1978) on social facilitation

Discriptors

Answer 16

• Familiar task: putting on and taking off one’s own shoes
• Unfamiliar task: dressing and undressing in new, unfamiliar items of clothing
• Alone vs. mere presence (present) vs. attentive audience (watched)

Question 17

Markus (1978) on social facilitation

Results

Answer 17

Mere presence and being watched improves performance of familiar actions,
but impairs performance of unfamiliar actions

Question 18

Social loafing

opp of social facilitation

Answer 18

Social loafing: tendency to exert less effort on a task when done in a group than when alone

Question 19

Social loafing

Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979)

Answer 19

Description:
Clap or cheer as loudly as possible
Alone or in a group

lesser in group > 1 and decrease as size increases

Question 20

Reducing social loafing (4)

Answer 20

1. Change nature of the task
   (Interesting, involving tasks show less loafing)
2. Increase accountability
3. Reduce group size
4. Increase commitment to or identification with group
   (Cross cultural differences;
   People from collectivist cultures show less loafing than those from individualist cultures)

Question 21

De-individuation

defination

Answer 21

Psychological state in which group or social identity completely dominates personal or individual identity so that group norms become maximally salient
(One acts as a prototypical group member)

Question 22

De-individuation can be caused by … …

Answer 22

anonymity, wearing uniforms, being in a crowd of group members (creating similarity)

Question 23

De-individuation results in … …

Answer 23

Increases accessibility of group norms:

• Decreases accessibility of personal standards
• Can produce negative or positive behaviour

Question 24

Acting on the basis of accessible group norms:
Johnson & Downing (1979)
description and results

Answer 24

manipulated norms:
positive/ negative and anonymity

• Dressed as KKK or nurses
• Some outfits covered faces;
other did not
• Asked to deliver shocks in a learning task

Results
De-individuation (anonymity) exacerbates the effects of group norms on behaviour
(Nurse decreased more shock)