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SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > W7 Introduction to the Respiratory System > Flashcards

W7 Introduction to the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the distribution of gases in the alveoli and diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood stream

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2
Q

what is ventilation?

A

the process of breathing-movement of gases in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

what are some of the secondary functions of respiration and ventilation?

A

regulation of pH of body fluids, temperature and phonation (vocal fold vibrations)

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4
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system?

A

external nares, nasal cavity, sinuses and larynx

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5
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory system?

A

trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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6
Q

what are the external nares?

A

this is where air enters the nasal cavity (through cranial nares or nostrils), they vary in shape and size the non-haired most rostral part is called the planum nasale/nasolabiale (species with large muuzzles)

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7
Q

what is the part of the lip/middle of the nose that separates the nostrils (in dogs, small ruminants etc.)?

A

the philtrum groove

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8
Q

what are the nasal cavities?

A

the facial portion of the resp. tract extending from the nostrils to caudal nares, they are separated by cartilaginous nasal septum

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9
Q

what is the floor of the nasal cavities formed by?

A

the hard and soft palates (hence separated from the mouth)

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10
Q

what is the entrance to the nasal cavity named?

A

the vestibule, the middle part is filled with conchae

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11
Q

describe the communication of the nasal cavities:

A

each half of the nasal cavity communicates with the nostril of the same side rostrally and with the pharynx caudally by way of choanae (caudal nares)

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12
Q

the nasal cavity is connected to the paranasal sinuses and what (air flows into here)?

A

the nasopharynx

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13
Q

what openings are on the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx?

A

the auditory tube openings

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14
Q

what is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

a mucosal membrane

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15
Q

the nasal cavities provides a large surface area for what?

A

heat and water exchange

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16
Q

describe the bony elements of the nasal cavity:

A

scroll like bones known as concha, project inwards from dorsal and lateral walls and are covered in a highly vascular mucous membrane, they separate the cavity into passages known as meatus

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17
Q

which parts of the nasal cavity do the dorsal and ventral conchae occupy?

A

the rostral parts

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18
Q

which part of the nasal cavity does the ethmoidal conchae (part of the ethmoid bone) occupy?

A

the caudal parts

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19
Q

does the concha increase or decrease air turbulence?

A

increase

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20
Q

what is the effect of the concha increasing air turbulence and being well vascularised?

A

it warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air

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21
Q

the mucous membrane covering the ethmoidal conchae is the olfactory epithelium which contains what?

A

sensory endings of the olfactory nerve

22
Q

where does the dorsal meatus lead to? what is the exception?

A

leads to the frontal sinus, except in the horse where it leads to the olfactory mucosa)

23
Q

where does the middle nasal meatus lead to?

A

the maxillary sinuses and olfactory mucosa

24
Q

what to all of a horses paranasal sinuses (directly or indirectly) communicate with?

A

the middle nasal meatus

25
Q

where does the ventral and common meatus lead to?

A

the principal respiratory passage

26
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces lined with mucosa in the skull that communicate with the nasal cavities through narrow openings (prone to clogging)

27
Q

do the sinuses participate in respiration or not?

A

they do not

28
Q

where is the frontal sinus found?

A

dorsal part of the skull between nasal cavity and orbit

29
Q

where is the maxillary sinus found?

A

maxilla with nasal cavity on each side

30
Q

all large farm animals have what two extra sinuses?

A

the sphenoidal and palatine sinuses

31
Q

describe the two types of paranasal sinuses:

A

1 - sinuses that communicate collectively with middle nasal meatus
2 - sinuses that communicate with ethymoidal nasal meatuses in the caudal part of the nasal cavity

32
Q

what is the maxillary sinus in the dog known as?

A

maxillary recess (large diverticulum of the nasal cavity)

33
Q

describe the frontal sinus in the cow?

A

the frontal sinus enters the horn of cows, is not fully developed until the age of 7 and has diverticula

34
Q

what are four of the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

any four of:
- affect the resonance of the voice
- lighten the weight of the skull
- heat exchange
- increase insertion space for teeth/muscle
- sites for mucus secretion
- equalise pressure differences in the nasal cavity
- protection of intracranial structures from trauma
- contribute to facial growth

35
Q

what are the regions of the pharynx (common passageway for air and food)?

A

oropharynx, nasopharynx (contains auditory tube opening) and laryngopharynx

36
Q

what are the openings of the pharynx?

A

two nares, two eustachian tubes, a mouth, a glottis (and an oesophagus)

37
Q

what innervates the pharynx?

A

the vagus nerve

38
Q

what is the guttural pouch?

A

paired diverticula of the auditory tubes, each containing 300ml of air, they are in direct contact with each other and are separated only by a thin medial septum

39
Q

what does the guttural pouch communicate with the pharynx via?

A

via the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube, covered by a thin fibrocartilage

40
Q

what is the larynx?

A

a musculocartilagenous organ of phonation that guards the entrance to the trachea

41
Q

what is the glottis?

A

a slit like opening between the vocal cords - endotracheal tube

42
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

cranial to the glottis it is a leaf shaped cartilage covered with mucous membrane

43
Q

what are the four laryngeal cartilages, which one is paired?

A

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid (paired one)

44
Q

what do the laryngeal cartilages do?

A

prevent collapse of constriction of the laryngeal airway (mostly the cricoid cartilage)

45
Q

what are the abductor and adductor muscles of the larynx?

A

cricoarytenoideus dosalis (abductor) and cricoarytenoideus lateralis (adductor)

46
Q

where is the vocal ligament found?

A

in the vocal fold of the larynx

47
Q

what are the laryngeal muscle innervated by?

A

cranial and caudal laryngeal nerves (branches of the vagus nerve)

48
Q

where does the cranial and caudal laryngeal branch detach at?

A

cranial = detaches at the head/neck junction
caudal = detaches in the thorax

49
Q

where does the cranial laryngeal branch enter the larynx through?

A

the thyroid foramen (just before it gives a branch to cricothyroideus muscle)

50
Q

the caudal laryngeal nerve (recurrent) leves the vagus in the thorax and then goes where?

A

then ascends through the neck and distributes itself to the rest of the laryngeal muscles

51
Q

the right recurrent nerve winds around which artery, what does the left wrap around?

A

right recurrent around the right subclavian artery and the left recurrent winds around the aorta

52
Q

what is the hyoid apparatus?

A

the bony framework that provides attachment for pharyngeal, laryngeal and lingual muscles, it lies between the left and right portions of the mandible - attached to the temporal bone

SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (15 decks)

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