W6 Intro to Cardiovascular System

Question 1

what is the entrance to the thoracic cavity known as?

Answer 1

the thoracic inlet

Question 2

what is the thoracic inlet formed by?

Answer 2

the first pair of ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Question 3

what is the caudal and ventral border of the thoracic cavity filled with?

Answer 3

the diaphragm caudally and sternum ventrally

Question 4

what is the thoracic cavity lined with?

Answer 4

serosa-pleura-serous memebrane

Question 5

what are smooth surfaces of the pleura lubricated with?

Answer 5

pleural fluid

Question 6

what is pleura attached to bony and muscular parts of the thorax by?

Answer 6

endothoracic fascia

Question 7

the pleura consists of two separate sacs, one surrounding each lung, do the lungs enter the pleural cavities?

Answer 7

never

Question 8

what pleura lines the lungs?

Answer 8

visceral (pulmonary) pleura

Question 9

what are the three parietal pleura (lining the thorax)?

Answer 9

costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura and mediastinal pleura

Question 10

between which two layers is the pleural cavity?

Answer 10

the visceral and parietal layers (potential space only)

Question 11

what is the pericardial pleura?

Answer 11

part of the mediastinal pleura on either side of the pericardium

Question 12

what is connecting pleura?

Answer 12

(pulmonary ligaments) a double layer of serosa connecting visceral and parietal pleura

Question 13

what is the junction of the two pleural sacs?

Answer 13

the mediastinum - found near the midline of the thorax formed by a double layer (connective tissue partition separating the two scs)

Question 14

what is found within the cranial mediastinum?

Answer 14

oesophagus, trachea, great vessels, thoracic duct,some lymph nodes and the thymus

Question 15

what is found within the medial medistinum?

Answer 15

oesophagus, termination of the trachea, pulmonary vessels, aortic arch, thoracic duct, left or right azygous vein, some lymph nodes, nerves, the heart and pericardium

Question 16

what is found in the caudal mediastinum?

Answer 16

oesophagus, aorta, vagus trunks, some lymph nodes and the left phrenic nerve

Question 17

describe the mediastinum in dogs:

Answer 17

said to be a complete but delicate barrier

Question 18

describe the mediastinum in horses:

Answer 18

the caudal mediastinum is delicate, part ventral to the oesophagus it is fenestrated allowing communication between cavities

Question 19

describe the mediastinum in ruminants:

Answer 19

openings occur rarely in sheep but never in the ox or goats

Question 20

what is not contained within the mediastinum?

Answer 20

the left and right lungs, the caudal vena cava and the right phrenic nerve are not in this space

Question 21

what is the auxilary system of vessels?

Answer 21

lymphatics

Question 22

which organ functions as two separate pumps?

Answer 22

the heart

Question 23

what is pulmonic circulation?

Answer 23

through the right side of the heart to the lungs

Question 24

what is systemic circulation?

Answer 24

through the left side of the heart to the heart itself and the rest of the body

Question 25

the right ventricle pumps blood to where?

Answer 25

the lungs - where concentration of O2 and CO2 are adjusted

Question 26

where does blood pumped from the left ventricle go?

Answer 26

pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to all of the organs in the body

Question 27

what circulation makes up all the vessels associated with all organs other than the lungs?

Answer 27

systemic circulation

Question 28

do arteries take blood away from or towards the heart?

Answer 28

away from, veins take blood to the heart

Question 29

what are the three branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 29

the brachiocephalic trunk (this breaks into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian arteries), the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery

Question 30

what are the two branches of the descending aorta?

Answer 30

the left and right common iliac arteries

Question 31

where does the axillary artery branch from?

Answer 31

comes from the subclavian artery

Question 32

what is the principal artery of the hind leg?

Answer 32

the external iliac artery

Question 33

what does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 33

the pelvic viscera and walls, muscles of the gluteal region and some parts of the thigh

Question 34

are veins or arteries typically larger?

Answer 34

veins

Question 35

what does the cranial vena cava drain?

Answer 35

the head, neck, thoracic limbs and parts of the thorax

Question 36

what is the cranial vena cava formed by?

Answer 36

the jugular, subclavian and vertebral veins

Question 37

what is the caudal vena cava formed by?

Answer 37

formed in the abdomen by the junction of the internal and external iliac veins

Question 38

what is the external jugular vein?

Answer 38

formed near the angle of the jaw by the union of the linguofacial and maxillary veins

Question 39

what is the lymphatic vascular system?

Answer 39

an extensive network of one-way vessels responsible for the immune defence of the body, it returns remaining interstitial fluid to the blood

Question 40

what does the right lymphatic duct empty into?

Answer 40

empties into the right side of the heart via the jugular vein or cranial vena cava

Question 41

where does the tracheal duct (lymphatics) drain into?

Answer 41

empties into either the thoracic duct or larger veins near the heart

Question 42

what is the thoracic duct?

Answer 42

a major thin-walled lymph collecting channel that is found on the left side (dorsal to renal artery) and drains into the cisterna chyli

Question 43

which two lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Answer 43

the intestinal and lumbar trunks

Question 44

what does the thoracic duct pass through into the mediastinum?

Answer 44

the aortic hiatus

Question 45

which lymphatic duct mostly empties into the left jugular vein or cranial vena cava?

Answer 45

the thoracic duct