Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > W1 Intro to Musculoskeletal Anatomy Part 1 > Flashcards

W1 Intro to Musculoskeletal Anatomy Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of bones?

A

support the body, acts as a lever system, protection, mineral homeostasis and site of haemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the structure of long bones:

A

diaphysis (middle)
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis (where middle meets ends, contains the physis/growth plate)
medullary cavity containing bone marrow (red or yellow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is compact/cortical bone?

A

makes up the edge/’outside’ of the bone, periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cancellous/spongy bone?

A

centre of the bone, contains part of the marrow, trabecular pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bones are living tissues, describe the structure of the bone from inside out:

A

trabeculae in the centre containing marrow and blood vessels, then osteons containing the haversian system, then perforating fibers/compact bone and finally the outer periosteum layer. endosteum lines bony cana;s that cover the trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do osteocytes do?

A

maintains bone tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

form bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do osteogenic cells do?

A

produce stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

reabsorb bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the rate of the continouous deposition and resorption of cone influenced by?

A

hormones such as PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

forces such as compression, shear and tension lead to remodelling of the bone, wolff’s law can be used to describe this, what is the idea of it?

A

that the bone adapts to its load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the three ways of classifying bones?

A

topologically, formation/growth and by shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what ways can you classify a bone topologically?

A

cranial/postcranial and axial/appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what ways can you classify a bone by its growth?

A

endochondral and intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what ways can you classify a bone shape?

A

long, short and flat
sesamoids
irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe a long bone, give some examples:

A

two ends, growth plates, shaft, compact and spongy bone,medullary cavity e.g. humerus, fibula and metacarpals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe a short bone, give some examples:

A

about as long as wide, different shapes (cubic, cylindrical), compact and spongy bone, usually no medullary cavity e.g. carpal and tarsal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe a flat bone, give some examples:

A

thin flat and wide, compact bone surrounding spongy bone or air sinus e.g. scapula, ribs, frontal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe a sesamoid bone, give some examples:

A

found in tendons/ligaments, close to joints, formation is sensitive to biomechanical forces, similar to short bones e.g. patella, fabella, navicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe an irregular bone, give some examples:

A

odd shapes, dont fit other groups, jutting processes e.g. vertebrae, sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is an apophysis?

A

a ‘growth away’ = a protuberance developed from an independent ossification centre, attachment sites for muscles/ligaments, aka tubercule/tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a foramen?

A

a ‘window’ = an opening in the bone, aloows passage of nerves/blood vessels/ muscles etc, can continue as a canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a fossa?

A

a ‘cave’ = a shallow depression or hollow, accomodate muscles and other structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the skull:

A

divided into bones of the cranium/face, all formed of separate centres of ossification, ossification extends to form a ridged structure, sutures sometimes still visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

strips of fibrous tissue separate skull bones in young animals, what are these called?

A

sutures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the bone features on the mandible?

A

several mental foramina, mandibular foramen, coronoid process, angular process, masseteric and pterygoid fossae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the two parts of the mandible?

A

the body (horizontal part) and ramus (vertical part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

there are two mandibular bones that join at what?

A

symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the symphysis of the mandible in dogs/cats:

A

firmly but not rigidly united

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

does the mandible symphysis ossify early or late in ruminants?

A

late, sometimes never

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

at what age does the mandibular symphysis completely disappear in horses?

A

around 2 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the hyoid bone?

A

a series of bony rods joined together in the cranium that suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull, they’re palpable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the stylohyoid bone is visible in horses from where?

A

the guttural pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

vertebral bones enclose what?

A

the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the five parts of the spine (cranial to caudal)?

A

cervical (neck)
thoracic
lumbar (lower back)
sacral
caudal (tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is between each vertebral body?

A

an intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do spinal nerves exit through?

A

intervertebral foramina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

describe the ribs:

A

paired, dorsal bony part, ventral cartilage part, articulate with two successive vertebrae dorsally and sternum directly, cartilage of the last rib may fail to make contact (floating rib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

describe the scapula:

A

shoulder blade, held onto the body by muscles, prominent scapular spine, dorsal scapular cartilage in ungulates and horses that ossify with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

describe the clavicle:

A

collar bone, reduced/absent in dogs, slender/floating bone in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the humerus?

A

the upper arm bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the radius and ulna?

A

forearm bones, variable mobility (can rotate), fused in ungulates and pigs, really fused in horses (radioulna bone), the ulna has a large olecranon process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the carpal bones?

A

wrist bones arranged into two rows, accessory carpal projects as prominent landmark, fusion of different elements in different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the metacarpal bones?

A

the hand bones which are numbered from I-V medially to laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the phalanges?

A

the finger/digital bones split into proximal, middle and distal parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

describe the sesamoid bones in species:

A

species-specific and variable, can be cartilaginous or ossify later, paired proximal sesamoids at palmer MCP joint, singal distal sesamoid (aka navicular) in horses and ruminants, dorsal sesamoids over dorsal MCP joint in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the pelvic girdle firmly articulated with?

A

the sacrum dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the two parts of the pelvic girdle meet at what point?

A

the pelvic symphysis ventrally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what three parts is each half of the pelvis composed of?

A

ilium, pubis and ischium

50
Q

all three bones in the halves of pelvis contribute to what structure?

A

the acetabulum

51
Q

what is the femur?

A

the thigh bone

52
Q

what are prominent trochanters for?

A

muscle attachments

53
Q

what is the patella, what type of bone is it?

A

the kneecap, a sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon

54
Q

what are the tibia and fibula, which is which?

A

the lower leg bones, tibia is medial and fibula is lateral (little one)

55
Q

what is the proximal row of tarsal bones?

A

talus and calcaneus

56
Q

birds have a highly modified thoracic limb, what is this?

A

strong pectoral girdle with and additional bone (coracoid bone)

57
Q

birds have many fused bones, what is the benefit of this, give an example?

A

for strength and weight reduction e.g. carpometacarpus, thoracic vertebrae

58
Q

birds have a huge sternum keel (carina) why is this?

A

for flight muscle attachment

59
Q

elastic cartilage between regions of the skull in bones allows for what?

A

movement between regions

60
Q

birds have pneumatised bones meaning they have airsacs that extend into which part of many bones?

A

the medullary cavity

61
Q

why is the medullary bone important in birds?

A

its an important calcium reservoir, used to calcify egg shell

62
Q

reptile generally lack the haversian bone system, what does this mean there is less of?

A

much less bone remodelling

63
Q

some reptiles have chelonian ribs, spine and sternum fused into what?

A

their shell (pectoral girdle inside the ribcage)

64
Q

what three parts is the reptile vertebrae divided into?

A

presacral, sacral and caudal

65
Q

some reptiles do not experience skeletal maturity, what does this mean?

A

epiphyses do not close in all species

66
Q

locomotion in fish is generally through what means?

A

lateral undulation (vertebral column shows latero-medial flexibility)

67
Q

in fish the pelvic and pectoral fins are supported by simple girdles attached to what?

A

the skull

68
Q

in fish the dorsal and anal fins are supported by what?

A

spines that may be connected to vertebrae

69
Q

what are the three kinds of muscle in the body?

A

smooth, striated and cardiac

70
Q

of smooth and striated which is involuntary and which is voluntary?

A

smooth = involuntary
striated = voluntary

71
Q

what is cardiac muscle?

A

a type of striated muscle specific to the heart

72
Q

muscles consist of many fascicles which are enclosed in what?

A

in epimysium (connective tissue)

73
Q

fascicles consist of many what?

A

muscle cells (muscle fibres)

74
Q

what are muscle fibre bound together in?

A

perimysium (connective tissue)

75
Q

muscle fibres are formed by the fusion of many what cells?

A

myoblast cells

76
Q

myofibrils are packed with contractile what?

A

contractile myofilaments in an interlocking arrangement (pushes nuclei to the cell edge)

77
Q

there are many mitochondria in muscles to meet what?

A

energy requirements

78
Q

what are the connective tissues within and around muscles collectively known as?

A

fascia

79
Q

muscles/fascia can merge at the end of the muscle ‘belly’ and continue as one of what two things?

A

a tendon or aponeurosis

80
Q

muscles can connect to bone directly where the collagen fibres continue as what?

A

sharpey fibres

81
Q

muscles are generously supplied by arteries but are usually supplied by how many nerves?

A

one nerve

82
Q

what do nerves enter muscles alongside?

A

blood vessels and branches

83
Q

what are the three neurone types?

A

motor, vasomotor and sensory

84
Q

what makes up a motor unit?

A

a motor neurone and fibres that innervate it

85
Q

tendons are composed of what in bundles in regular arrangement?

A

collagen fibres

86
Q

tendons are arranged in bundles of what three categories?

A

primary, secondary and tertiary

87
Q

tendons have great tensile strength that enables them to do what?

A

transmit forces

88
Q

tendons have what that comes from crimped collagen microanatomy?

A

elastic energy store

89
Q

tendons have low metabolic needs/poor vascularisation meaning healing is quick or slow?

A

slow to heal

90
Q

tendons have modifications to protect against what?

A

pressure and friction

91
Q

how are tendons modified to protect against pressure?

A

sesamoids (ossification/chondrification), tendon sheaths and bursae (sacs/tubes containing cavities of synovial fluid and lining)

92
Q

tendons connect muscle to bone, what do ligaments attach bone to?

A

other bones

93
Q

what are the two types of ligament? describe each briefly:

A

white ligaments: rich in collagen fibres, not very elastic e.g. around knee
yellow ligaments: lots of elastic fibres e.g. spine, pelvis

94
Q

what is the maximum force a muscle can generate based on?

A

the number of fibres in a parallel = proportional to muscle cross section

95
Q

more fibres can be packed into the same cross section if they are not parallel to what?

A

line of action

96
Q

what is the measure for muscle force called?

A

physiological cross sectional area (PCSA)

97
Q

what are the four muscle fibre arrangements in skeletal muscles, briefly describe each?

A

strap - straight parallel fibres, ends do not meet
spindle - straight, ends meet at a point
pennate - not parallel, ends do not meet
bipennate - not parallel, one end meets down the centre of the muscle

98
Q

what are the three types of pennate muscle?

A

bipennate, multipennate and circumpennate

99
Q

do pennate muscles have a high or low PSCA?

A

higher (more forces generated)

100
Q

do shorter fibres have more or less muscle shortening?

A

less muscle shortening

101
Q

what are the types of parallel muscle arrangements?

A

fusiform, strap + (fan-shaped)

102
Q

does more fibres packed in a series = more or less muscle shortening?

A

more shortening

103
Q

do muscles always connect to bone?

A

no, examples include sphincters, circular (around the eye), cutaneous muscles (cutaneous trunci) and muscles joining other muscles (left/right abdominal muscles)

104
Q

do muscles generate push or pull tension forces?

A

pull only

105
Q

what type of contraction is muscle shortening?

A

concentric contraction

106
Q

what type of contraction is muscle lengthening?

A

eccentric contraction

107
Q

what type of contraction is muscle staying the same length?

A

isometric contraction

108
Q

what are the ways in which muscles can act?

A

motors, brakes, springs, stabilisers

109
Q

what is an agonist muscle?

A

a prime mover that is responsible for a joint movement

110
Q

what is an antagonist muscle?

A

a muscle that is capable of opposing the movement caused by an agonist muscle

111
Q

what is the name of the muscle that helps or modifies the action of an agonist without directly contributing to the action?

A

synergists

112
Q

muscle attachments are named as what two things?

A

origins = most proximal or central
or insertions = distal or peripheral

113
Q

the leverage a muscle exerts on the bone depends on the location of what?

A

its attachment sites

114
Q

does a larger moment arm = more or less leverage?

A

more leverage (less force needed to produce the same movement)

115
Q

what is the slow oxidative muscle type?

A

type I

116
Q

what is the fast oxidative muscle type?

A

type IIa

117
Q

what is the fast glycolytic muscle type?

A

type IIb

118
Q

oxidative fibres have lots of what which result in its darker appearance?

A

myoglobin, capillaries and mitochondria

119
Q

are slow twitch muscle fibres red or white?

A

red

120
Q

are fast twitch muscle fibres red or white?

A

white

SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions