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SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > W3 Anatomy of Joints and Ligaments Part 1 and 2 > Flashcards

W3 Anatomy of Joints and Ligaments Part 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint, what is it also known as?

A

an articulation, a junction between 2 or more bones

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2
Q

what is the function of a joint?

A

to transfer forces from one bone to another and permit limited movement

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3
Q

in which ways can joints be classified structurally?

A

classified by the tissue uniting structures:
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

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4
Q

in which ways can joints be classified by their function?

A

classified by the degree of movement:
synathrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

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5
Q

describe translational movement:

A

along an x, y, z axis, up to three translational degrees of freedom

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6
Q

describe rotational movement:

A

around an x, y, z axis, up to three rotational degrees of freedom

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7
Q

what does the mobility of a joint depend on?

A

the shape of the bones and the ligaments connecting them

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8
Q

what are the seven morphological types of synovial joint?

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condylar
  5. ellipsoid
  6. ball and socket
  7. saddle
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9
Q

describe a plane joint, give an example:

A

two flat surfaces, allow translation only e.g. articular processes of equine cervical vertebrae

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10
Q

describe a hinge joint, give an example:

A

a cylindrical surface and corresponding receiving surface, movement is rotation in one plane only e.g. equine metacarpophalangeal joint

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11
Q

describe a pivot joint, give an example:

A

a peg fitted within a ring, allows rotational movement of the peg withing the ring e.g. bovine atlantoaxial joint

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12
Q

describe a condylar joint, give an example:

A

two knuckle-shaped condyles with corresponding concave surface, allows mostly rotation about the transverse axis running between condyles but rotation about other axes and translation also possible e.g. canine femorotibial joint

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13
Q

describe an ellipsoid joint, give an example:

A

ovoid convex surface with corresponding concavity, allows rotation and translation in two planes e.g. canine radiocarpal joint

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14
Q

describe a saddle joint, give an example:

A

two fitting surfaces, each maximally convex in one direction and maximally concave in the other, allows rotation and translation dictated by geometry of surfaces e.g. canine distal interphalangeal joint

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15
Q

describe a ball and socket joint, give an example:

A

sphere and cup morphology, usually three degrees of freedom (rotations) but can be up to six e.g. canine femoroacetabular joint

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16
Q

what ways can translational movements be described?

A

cranial-caudal, medio-lateral and proximo-distal

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17
Q

what is rotation around the mediolateral axis known as?

A

flexion (joint angle gets smaller) and extension (joint angle gets bigger)

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18
Q

what is rotation around the craniocaudal axis known as?

A

adduction (bringing towards midline) and abduction (taking away from midline)

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19
Q

what is rotation around the proximodistal axis known as?

A

pronation/internal rotation (lateral surface rotates inwards or supination/external rotation (medial surface rotated outwards)

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20
Q

what is flexion/extension + abduction/adduction also known as?

A

circumduction

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21
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint?

A

the shoulder, a ball and socket joint between the glenoid cavity and the humeral head (scapula and humerus), allows flexion/extension, no true collateral ligaments (relies on muscles crossing the joints to provide support)

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22
Q

describe the joint capsule in the glenohumeral joint:

A

there is a sulcus (intertubular groove) between the greater and lesser tubercule guiding the biceps brachii tendon, the transverse humeral ligament holds the tendon in the intertubular groove

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23
Q

in which animals does the joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint extend around the tendon as a synovial sheath?

A

carnivores, pigs and sheep

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24
Q

in which animals is an intertubercular bursa located between the tendon and sulcus of the glenohumeral joint?

A

horses and cattle

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25
Q

what is the humeroradioulnar joint?

A

the elbow, a hinge joint between the humerus, radius and ulna that allows flexion and extension

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26
Q

describe the articular parts of the joint capsule of the humeroradioulnar joint:

A

three parts; humeral condyle, head of radius and the trochlear notch and anconeal process of the ulna

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27
Q

what restricts movement in the humeroradioulnar joint?

A

the lateral and medial collateral ligaments that are located on the sides of the joint

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28
Q

what is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

an additional joint between the radius and ulna proximally that is fused in horses and ruminants and allows supination in carnivores and pigs

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29
Q

carnivores have an annular ligament of the radioulnar joint, what is this?

A

a thin band of connective tissue passing transversely around the head of radius and attaching at both ends to the ulna

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30
Q

what are the three carpal joints that together act as a hinge (some mediolateral)?

A
  1. antebrachiocarpal joint - between radius,ulna and proximal row of carpal bones (lots of movement)
  2. middle carpal joint - between the two rows of carpal bones (comms with carpometacarpal joint)
  3. carpometacarpal joint - between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals (little movement)
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31
Q

where are the lateral and medial collateral ligaments located on carpal joints?

A

on the sides of the joint to restrict movement

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32
Q

where are the intercarpal joints and ligaments found?

A

between the individual carpal bones

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33
Q

where are the intermetacarpal joints found?

A

between the proximal metacarpal bones

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34
Q

what is the carpal canal formed by?

A

the accessory carpal bone (laterally), the other carpal bones (dorsally) and the flexor retinaculum and palmar carpal ligament (palmar)

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35
Q

what passes through the carpal canal?

A

tendons and synovial sheaths of superficial and deep digital flexors, nerves (ulnar and median), veins and arteries

36
Q

what is the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

A

between the proximal metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges, includes proximal sesamoid bones, a hinge-type joint allowing flexion/extension

37
Q

there are many ligaments attached to the proximal sesamoid bones of the forelimb, what is this important for in horses?

A

the suspensory apparatus (and thus the stay apparatus)

38
Q

where are phalangeal joints found?

A

between the phalanges;
- proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) prox/middle
- distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) middle/distal

39
Q

what is the coffin joint in horses?

A

DIP joint

40
Q

what is the pastern joint in horses?

A

PIP joint

41
Q

what is the fetlock in horses?

A

MCP joint

42
Q

what is the sacroiliac joint?

A

found between the wings of the ilium and sacrum, it is relatively immovable and a combined cartilaginous and synovial joint

43
Q

what ligament extends from the sacrum and first caudal vertebrae to the ischiatic tuberosity, what animal is it absent in?

A

the sacrotuberous ligament, absent in cats (also a broad sheet in cattle and horses that completes the lateral pelvic wall)

44
Q

what is the pelvic symphysis?

A

the fibrocartilaginous joint between the two coxae (hip bones), gradually replaced by bone in adults. ventrally the pubic symphysis (between pubic bones) and caudally the ischial symphysis (between the two ischial bones)

45
Q

what is the coxofemoral joint?

A

hip joint, between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis, a ball and socket joint that is freely moveable

46
Q

does the coxofemoral joint have collateral ligaments?

A

no - stability depends on the ligaments, strong joint capsule and muscles around it

47
Q

describe the ligament of the head of the femur:

A

a short intracapsular ligament connecting the acteabular cavity to the notch (fovea capitis) of the femoral head. (horses have an accessory ligament stabilising the joint, it also makes it hard to ‘cow kick’

48
Q

the knee or stifle encompasses which two joints?

A

the femoropatellar and tibiofemoral joint

49
Q

what is the femoropatellar joint?

A

between the patella and the trochlear of the femur, the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament distal to the patella, the medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments (retinaculum) also attach the patella to the femur (and fabella in dogs)

50
Q

what is the tibiofemoral (or femoroatibial) joint?

A

between the femoral condyles and the tibia, a condylar joint that acts like a hinge with little translation

51
Q

what are the medial and lateral menisci of the stifle joint?

A

wedge shaped semilunar cartilages that sit between the femoral condyles and tibia

52
Q

is the medial or lateral collateral ligament the tibial one?

A

medial (fibular is lateral)

53
Q

what are the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments?

A

intra-articular ligaments that cross and stabilise the knee, the cranial CL inserts cranially on the tibia and prevents cranial translation, caudal CL inserts caudally to the tibia and prevents caudal translation

54
Q

the knee plays an important part in the ‘stay apparatus’ of large animals, what does this allow?

A

allows long periods of standing with little muscular effort

55
Q

horses and cows have three patellar ligaments, what are they?

A

lateral, intermediate ad medial

56
Q

the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea is enlarged in horses, what does this do?

A

it is pushed between the medial and intermediate ligaments which ‘lock’ the patella

57
Q

what is the parapatellar fibrocartilage?

A

a hook like extension of the patella attached to the medial patellar ligament (on the medial patellar ridge wgen the stay apparatus is engaged)

58
Q

what is the tibiofibular joint?

A

between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula, it differs between species depending on fibular development

59
Q

what are the four tarsal joints?

A
  1. tarsocrural - between proximal tarsal bones and tibia and fibula
  2. proximal intertarsal joint - between proximal and central and fourth tarsal bones
  3. distal intertarsal joint - between central tarsal and tarsal bones 1, 2 and 3
  4. tarsometatarsal joint - between distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones
60
Q

what joint type are the intertarsal joints?

A

plane joints between the individual tarsal bones

61
Q

what is the tarsal canal formed by?

A

tarsal bones and the flexor retinaculum

62
Q

what passes through the tarsal canal?

A

the deep digital flexor, the plantar branches of the saphenous artery and vein and the medial and lateral plantar nerves

63
Q

what is the MTP joint?

A

metatarsophalangeal joint

64
Q

what are the MTP and interphalangeal joint analogous to?

A

joints of the forelimb

65
Q

what is the TMJ?

A

temporomandibular joint, between the condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones, the synovial condylar joint that can act as sliding hinge

66
Q

where does an articular disc lie?

A

between two articular surfaces

67
Q

is the joint capsule of the TMJ loose or strengthened?

A

the joint capsule is loose (the lateral side is strengthened)

68
Q

describe the sutures of the skull:

A

immovable, fibrous joints between the skull bones that will ossify and fill with bone eventually, they allow deformity whilst being connected (e.g. birth), stress absorption and bone growth

69
Q

what is the mandibular symphysis?

A

a cartilaginous joint joining the left and right mandibular bones that may fuse with age (depending on species)

70
Q

describe the joints of the auditory ossicles:

A

synovial joints join the ossicles, the stapes articulates with the vestibular window via a fibrous joint and there are ligaments holding the bones in place

71
Q

describe the joints of the hyoid apparatus:

A

the hyoid bones are joined by synovial joints, the tympanohyoid (bone or cartilage) forms a fibrous articulation with the skull

72
Q

what do most intervertebral articulations consist of?

A

cartilaginous joints between the intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies and synovial joints between the caudal and cranial articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

73
Q

the intervertebral discs are layers of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebral bodies, what do they consist of?

A

an outer fibrous ring, bands of parallel fibres (gets thinner dorsally) and an inner pulpy nucleus (semi-fluid remnant of the notochord acting as a shock absorber)

74
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joinr?

A

‘yes’ joint, joins condyles to the atlas, modified hinge type synovial joint

75
Q

what is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

‘no’ joint, joins the atlas to the dens and cranial articular surface of the axis, a pivot type synovial joint

76
Q

what is the nuchal ligament?

A

a yellow-elastic ligament connecting the cranial cervical vertebrae/skull with the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae (absent in cats, paired band in dogs, funicular and lamellar parts in horses and cattle)

77
Q

horses have bursae over which parts to cushion the nuchal ligament?

A

over the atlas and the withers

78
Q

the supraspinous ligament runs over the vertebral spinous processes from which parts?

A

T1 to caudal vertebrae (prevents spine separating during flexion)

79
Q

what does the ventral longitudinal ligament on the ventral surface from the midthoracic region to sacrum do?

A

prevents over-extension of spine

80
Q

what does the dorsal longitudinal ligament on the floor of the vertebral canal from axis to sacrum do?

A

prevents hyper-flexion of spine

81
Q

what do interspinous ligament fibres connect?

A

the spines of adjacent vertebrae along the whole spine

82
Q

interarcuate ligaments (yellow ligaments) are elastic ligaments that fill what?

A

the dorsal spaces between the arches of adjacent vertebrae

83
Q

what is the costocertebral joint?

A

joints between the ribs and the vertebrae, the head of each rib forms and ball and socket joint with the caudal and cranial costal facets of the adjacent vertebrae, the tubercle of each rib forms a plane joint with the transverse process

84
Q

what is the sternocostal joint?

A

between the first 8 costal cartilages and the sternum, pivot style synovial articulations

85
Q

what are costochondral junctions?

A

between the ribs and costal cartilages, fibrous connections

SF3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (15 decks)

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