W6 Group processes Flashcards

1
Q

Categorization

A

“Two or more individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category” (Turner, 1982)

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2
Q

Communication

A

“Two or more people who think of themselves as a group, are interdependent and communicate with one another” (Frey & Konieczka, 2010)

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3
Q

Influence

A

“Two or more persons who are interacting with one another in such a manner that the person influences and is influenced by each other person (Shaw, 1981)

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4
Q

shared identity

A

“Two or more people possessing a common social identification” (Brown, 2000)

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5
Q

Shared tasks and goals

A

“Three or more people who work together interdependently on an agreed upon activity or goal” (Keyton, 2002)

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

“A dynamic whole based on interdependence rather than similarity” (Lewin, 1948)

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7
Q

definition of a group

A

A group is two or more individuals who are connected by and within social relationships

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8
Q

Main characteristics of groups

A

Interaction, goals, interdependence, strucutre, cohesiveness

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9
Q

Interactions

A

create, organize and sustain relationships and task interactions (focused on groups works, projects, plans, goals, ADV: goal achievement, facilitation DIS: social loafing)

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10
Q

Goals

A

groups have instrumental purposes (common goals)

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11
Q

Interdependence

A

members of a group depend on each other

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12
Q

Structure

A

group members are connected to each other in organized and predictable patterns. (roles, norms)

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13
Q

Cohesiveness

A

closeness and solidarity of a group as a result of the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members.

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14
Q

social loafing

A

Presence of other people can result in reduced effort of individual members (clapping, shouting, cheering, brainstorming)

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15
Q

Variables that influence tendency to loaf

A

identifiability, individual responsibilty, commitment to task performance.

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16
Q

Identifiability

A

shout as loud as you can individually or in groups. Social loafing occurred when individual contribution could not be identifies. Lack of appropriate rewards.

17
Q

individal responsibility

A

individual responsibility manipulated: all focus on the same section of the screen vs each given a different section.

18
Q

Commitment to task performance

A

group interaction (internal pressures to conform to group performance norms), member who deviate from group norms may be punished, identifiability deters social loafing due to consequences for lack of effort.

19
Q

Collective effort model

A

Individuals will be willing to exert effort on a collective task only to the degree that they expect their efforts to be instrumental in obtaining valued outcomes.

20
Q

When does socail loafing occurs

A

people don’t believe their effort can result in achieving valued outcomes, outcome of group performance is viewed as trivial. Low task meaningfulness, personal involvement, low group cohesiveness, larger group size.

21
Q

Group polarisation

A

“A general tendency for group decision to be more extreme than the mean of its members’ position, in the direction favored by the mean” (Moscovici & Zavalloni, 1969) E.g. discussion among people who slightly favor restrictive immigration policies

22
Q

Normative influences

A

Desire for social approval and wish to avoid social censure.
Discussion reveals the socially desirable position and members of the group want to be seen to be adhering to this position.

23
Q

Group think

A

“Group decision making process that produces poor decisions, a mode of thinking in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overrides the motivation to adopt proper rational decision-making procedures” (Janis, 1982; Janis & Mann, 1977)

24
Q

Symptoms of groupthink

A

Predictions only supported for the effect of self-censorship and self-appointed mind guards.

25
Q

Antecedent conditions

A

Group cohesiveness- direct relationship with symptoms of groupthink.
No support for other antecedent conditions in the predicted direction (Janis, 1982)