W5 Health behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

Health behaviour

A

= any activity undertaken for the purpose of preventing or detecting disease or for improving health/wellbeing (Conner & Norman, 1996)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Changing health behavior

A

= link between health behavior and mortality. Health behaviors are hard to change, they can become habits. Often comes with immediate costs and long-term benefits. Tendency to maximize immediate rewards and ignore long-term benefits. These behaviors can also be reinforced by social environment + peers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-communicable disease (NCD)

A

(kills over 41 million) Health behaviors are modifiable risk factors for NCDs, important to reduce the risk of NCDs. (cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Health behaviors

A

Protective (positive) (exercise, personal hygiene, eating well) and Risky (negative) (binge eating/drinking, smoking, vaping, unsafe sex) health behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Predicting and Explaining health behavior

A

Individual differences = demographics, emotional, social, genetic factors, perceived symptoms, cognition (peoples talks, beliefs and attitudes towards their health), personality, access to health care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Social cognitive models of health behavior change

A

Individual differences (i.e., social cognitions) = social cognition about health includes = beliefs attitudes, knowledge etc. Targets of interventions to change behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Binge drinking

A

Binge drinking is more common in Scotland (37.3%) followed by Wales (30.4%) and England (26.2%)
In England, highest proportion of binge drinking on heaviest drinking days was in the Northwest = 33% of drinkers in the Northwest of England “binged” alcohol on their heaviest drinking day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

= Subjective norms + attitude + perceived behaviour control impact intention which therefore impacts behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Theory of Planned behavior predict binge drinking (Norman & Conner, 2006)

A

Predicting intentions = Attitudes (+), self-efficacy (+) and perceived control (-) as significant predictors. No significant effect of subjective norms.
Predicting behaviour = Intentions (+), self-efficacy (+) and past binge drinking (+) as significant predictors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Planned Behavior, binge drinking (Norman, 2019)

Message (interventions)

A

= Exposure to ToPB messages resulted in more negative cognitions about binge drinking:
- Weaker intentions to engage in binge drinking.
- More negative attitudes towards binge drinking.
= However, no effect on the frequency of binge drinking at follow-up, in line with the intention behavior gap.
Interventions targeting ToPB constructs can successfully change attitudes, norms self-efficacy and intentions but additional work needed to bridge the intention-behaviour gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Key findings on Planned behavior and binge drinking

A

Attitude was the most important predictor of binge drinking. Attitude and intention could be change but it didn’t translate into behavioral change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social Norm Theory (SNT)

A

An individual’s behavior is influenced by the perception of how their peers think and act. Social comparisons are linked to the potential influence of social norms for changing health behavior. If a peer group engages in healthy behaviors, then this becomes a source of normative influence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Social norms theory to predict binge drinking

A

Overestimation of drinking norms = Nearly half of students (42%) incorrectly believe that their peers regularly drink 6 or more drinks in one session (Robinson et al., 2014). 
Students who correctly identify that most students drink less than 6 drinks in a session are more likely to drink responsibly (Robinson et al., 2014)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Social Norms theory binge drinking

A

(Robinson et al, 2014) = Norm messages to correct misperceptions of social norms-related behaviors (i.e., drinking norms).
= influenced normative drinking perceptions but only among norms believers.
= ineffective for participants who overestimated peers’ drinking at baseline.
= not successful in increasing intentions to drink responsibly. (viewed as not credible)
Impersonal nature of social norms messages -> unsuccessful at changing drinking behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Personalised normative feedback ( Neighbors, et al 2004)

A

Personalised feedback about own drinking, perceived drinking norm, actual drinking norm.
= led to change in perceived drinking norms, reduced drinking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Smoking in the Uk

A

Being early (adolescence), initial experience, peer pressure, develop attitudes about what a smoker is like.
3.8% of people aged 18 years and above smoked cigarettes = around 8 million people in the UK. Smoking is highest among those aged 25-34 years.

17
Q

Protection Motivation Theory, Rogers 1975

A

Threat Appraisal
- Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards “smoking makes me feel calmer”,
- Perceived severity of the threat “smoking means I could get cancer”.
- Vulnerability = Probability of being vulnerable to the threat
Coping Appraisal
- Response efficacy: The efficacy of the health behavior for dealing with the threat. = “I smoked for 20 years; it won’t make a difference to my risk of cancer if I quit now”
- Self-efficacy or confidence for being able to engage in the behavior = “I tried to quit five times before and it never works”
- Response costs = “If I quit smoking, I will be more anxious/ less sociable”

18
Q

Messages targeting the Threat Appraisal

A

Heighten threat by targeting the perceived severity of the problem or the probability of vulnerability (E.g., “Smoking significantly increases your risk of developing life-threatening conditions such as lung cancer”)
= Threat alone can backfire.

19
Q

Messages target the Coping Appraisal

A

Assuring individuals of response efficacy (e.g., quitting smoking will reduce risk of cancer).
Increasing individuals’ self-efficacy (e.g., that they are capable of quitting smoking)

20
Q

Fear appeals + low disengagement beliefs

A

Stronger intention to quit.
Higher percentage of smokers cutting down.
No significant effect on quitting
Only when disengagement beliefs did not interfere with fear appeals, smokers’ perceived level of threat was increased – led to some effects on behaviour.

21
Q

Fear appeals have more effects

A

When sued for one time behavior, women (tend to be more “prevention focused”. Work sbest if accompanied by a message ecoking efficacy message.

22
Q

Risk denial + Fear appeals

A

defensive response, susceptible to the threat will react with denial.